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1、,Part 3 The relationship between MGRS and national culture By,(1),(2),the first aim of the present study was to test the prediction that scores on Hofstedes MAS Dimension would correlate positively with National MGRS scores,A second aim of the present study was to determine the differential capabili
2、ties of Hofstedes MAS dimension and the gender role-related person-ality trait of masculinity to predict MGRS,Two aims,3,Ones thought,Ones feeling,Behavioral repertories,Becoming masculine,Eisler(1996),In their view,many masculine beliefs and behaviors have cultural roots.,1980,Hofstede distinguishe
3、d between masculine and feminine societies,1998,Hofstede defines culture as broad,2001,Hofstede treats culture as the collective pro-gramming of the mind that distinguishes the members,distinguish,define,Transfer,develop, confirm,Gender roles are clearly distinct,Masculinity stands for a society in
4、which gender roles are clearly distinct: Men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success, whereas women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. Femininity stands for a society in which gender roles overlap: Both men and women are suppo
5、sed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life.,women should be gentle and feminine and nobody should be weak,Masculine countries,men are allowed to be gentle, feminine, and weak.,Feminine countries,In feminine countries, machobehavior is ridiculed, whereas in masculine ones machis
6、moin men, and marianismo or hembrismo in women are propagated,In masculine societies, men are socialized and mentally programmed to be more skilful, competitive, successful, assertive, aggressive, machoand sex-typed, perhaps by implicat-ion, also more fearful of expressing soft emotions than men in
7、feminine societies,women should be gentle and feminine and nobody should be weak,Masculine countries,men are allowed to be gentle, feminine, and weak.,Feminine countries,National Instrumentality and National Differences in MGRS,1,4,3,2,text,MGRS has been shown, to be distinct from, that is, uncor-re
8、lated or only very lowly associated with, masculinity,Eisler 1987,MAS has been demonstr-ated to be unrelated to the masculine gender role,Best & Williams,1998,Masculinity was measured with the Bem Sex Role Inventory ( BSRI),BSRI,Bem, 1981,Masculinity is oftentimes also referred to as instrumentality
9、,Hermann & Betz,2004,8,The BSRI is based on a conceptualization of the traditionally sex-typed person,the traditionally sex-typed person is motivated to keep her or his behavior consistent with an idealized image of masculinity or femininity,Thus, the BSRI contains items that were chosen on the basi
10、s of cultural definitions of sex-typed social desirability,However, the BSRI is not a measure of gender role-related stress. At the individual level, MGRS has been shown, in line with prediction, to be distinct from, that is, uncorrelated or only very lowly associated with, masculinity,Several theor
11、ies summarized (Davidson-Katz 1991),The theory that has accumulated the most empirical support is the masculinity hypothesis.It proposes that the more masculine one is, the healthier one will be.,it was anticipated that, at the country level, high masculine gender role scores as assessed with the BS
12、RI would predict significantly lower levels of MGRS (Whitley 1984),To avoid semantic and conceptual confusions between Hofstedes MASculin-ity and Bems masculinity dimensions, the latter will henceforth be referred to as instrumentality,To counteract the potential tendency of respondents to overrepor
13、t good or under-report bad behavior, which could interfere with the interpretation of average tendencies on MGRS and BSRI, the part played by cross-national differences in Lie-Social Desirability responses on the outcome of hypoth-esis testing was also addressed,MGRS,MAS,BSRI,Procedure and matetials
14、,By JiangLei,Part 4,02,01,Recruiting participants,Sending questionnaires,03,Results and discussion,Participants,13 countries,6420 students,Australia Croatia Germany Great Britain Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan the Netherlands Spain Sweden Venezuel,different geographical regions of each country
15、 4 major areas of science,anonymous no financial incentives translated into each of the different native and dominant languages standardized response formats and scoring systems measures in same order,Questionnaire,5,MGRS（Masculine Gender Role Stress） s-BSRI（Short-Bem sex role inventory） EPQR-A Lie
16、Subscale（Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised-Abbreviated） MAS（Hofstedes masculinity/femininity） UAI（Hofstedes uncertainty avoidance index ）,MGRS（Masculine Gender Role Stress）,15 items（5 domains 3）,physical inadequacy feeling that you are not in good physical condition not being able to find a
17、sexual partner having your lover say that (s)he is not satisfied,emotional inexpressiveness ,subordination to women ,intellectual inferiority ,performance failure ,15 not at all extremely,1575（score range）,10 items（selected from the original BSRI）,s-BSRI（Short-Bem sex role inventory）,defend my own b
18、eliefs independent assertive strong personality forceful,have leadership abilities willing to take risks dominant willing to take a stand aggressive,1070（score range),Bem, 1981,24-item version,EPQR-A Lie Subscale,06（score range),Francis,Brown, and Philipchalk, 1992,Lie Subscale,Eysenck Personality Q
19、uestionnaire Revised-Abbreviated,score,true,14 work goals,MAS（Hofstedes masculinity/femininity）,challenge living in a desirable area earnings cooperation with colleagues training (fringe) benefits recognition,physical working conditions freedom job security career advancement use of skills relations
20、hip with manager personal time for personal or familylife,masculinity or femininity,3 items,UAI（Hofstedes uncertainty avoidance index）,rule orientation employment stability job stress,mean level of neuroticism-anxiety in a country,UAI,neuroticism-anxiety,MGRS s-BSRI EPQR-A Lie Subscale,MAS UAI,quest
21、ionnaires,Scores,Hofstede s data （2001）,Cronbachs tested 0.6 reliable,Results and Analyses,Reported by ChenXiaoxian 21406140,Part 5,Table 1. Survey of National Scores on Hofstedes Masculinity (MAS) and Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), and Masculine Gender Role Stress (MGRS), Bems Instrumentality a
22、nd Lie Scales,aBased on values calculated by Hofstede (2001) for 50 countries and three regions. The respective means (and SDs) for 50 nations and three regions are 49 (18) for MAS and 65 (24) for UAI (Hofstede, 2001),1,2,The mean inter-item correlations (not shown in the Table) across all scales in
23、dicated (range: .15-.27) that we are dealing with fairly homogeneous sets of items.,Conclusion,Both the MGRS and Bems Instrumentality subscale showed very acceptable levels of internal consistency (.70-.80s) that could be given the qualification fair to good. The Lie scale, however, obtained lower l
24、evels of internal consistency.,Table 2. Intercorrelations Between the Hofstede Dimensions (MAS and UAI) and Adjusted Masculine Gender Role Stress (MGRS), Bems Instrumentality and Lie Scale Scores.,n = 13 countries For purposes of interpretation, Cohen (1992) considers an absolute value of r = .10 as
25、 “small,” r = .30 as “medium,” and r = .50 as “large.” *p 0.05. *p 0.01 (one-tailed).,Conclusion,Table 3. Summary of Hierarchical Regression Analysis of Masculine Gender Role Stress (MGRS) Scores on Bems Instrumentality and Hofstedes Masculinity (MAS) Scores (n = 13 Countries).,Discussion and evalua
26、tion,Reported by GuoShaopeng,Part 6,Part3. Application values,Part1. Discussion,Part2. Limitation,Part1. Discussion,In agreement with predictions, societies with high Hofstede MASculinity scores had higher mean national levels of MGRS., In line with the individual level masculinity hypothesis, highe
27、r levels of country-level instrumentality predicted, independent of MAS scores, lower country levels of MGRS.,Part2. Limitation,One important limitation of the present study is that its analyses were based on only 13 national samples.,The national samples used were not randomly drawn from the total
28、sample of nations in the world.,Part3. Application values,The present findings provide support at the country level for the stance that tough societies as defined by Hofstede may have dysfunctional health consequences., The present findings show that the tougher the society, the greater the likeliho
29、od that the average man will experience difficulties with situations that are appraised as feminine., Some of the health-related intervention strategies for men may need to be implemented on a large scale in societies with high MAS scores., Such therapeutic procedures might better help men engage in counseling, better than traditional psychological services.,Thanks!,