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1、被动语态的过去完成时,一、过去完成时被动语态结构,过去完成时: had done 过去完成时被动语态（肯定）： had been done 否定： had not been done 一般疑问句： had +主语+been done 特殊疑问句： 疑问词+had+主+been done,1.By the time the tornado ended, more than 700 people_.(kill) 2.Coghlan traveled back to Canada after he _(bury) in Texas. 3. The classroom _(clean)before t
2、he teacher came.,一、用法： 句中常用by, before, after+过去时间点 表过去的过去,had been cleaned,二、用在宾语从句中（主句是过去式，从句由原来的 was done/have been done/had been done变 had been done 1. The tickets were sold out. 2. He heard that_. 3. The newspaper reported more than 1000 persons _(kill) in the hurricane.,the tickets had already
3、been sold out.,had been killed,三、固定句型： 1. it was the first time that we had been introduced at the conference. 2. it was the best film that had been directed by the unknown director all his life.,It was the first time/second timethat,主语+was+the+最高级+定从,3. 自从我到这已经十年了. It is ten years since I came here
4、. It was ten years since I had come here. 4. By the time he graduated, he_(learn) a lot.,had learnt,5. 虚拟中表示与过去事实相反的动作或者状态。 If I had been invited earlier, I would have gone there. I would rather he hadnt known me .,6. “想”“打算”“认为”的词用过去完成时表示事与愿违计划未实现 want/hope/expect/ plan/mean/intend/ think/ suppose
5、I had intended to call on you.,practice,We_(hurry) to the station only to find that the train_(delay) A year passed when it _(realize) that the parcel_(send) to the wrong address. They _(begin)to climb the mountain after they_(buy)some food. He told us light_(travel)faster than sound.,hurried,had be
6、en delayed,realized,had been sent,began,had bought,travels,直接引语、间接引语的转换,直接引语:直接引用别人的话,把它放在引号内. (direct speech) 间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话 (indirect speech),“Im still working because there is a lot to do.” he said.,He said that he was still working because there was a lot to do.,He said, “Eleven thousand peopl
7、e live here and six thousand left last week.”,He said that eleven thousand people lived there and six thousand had left a week before.,“Does this mean that the danger is over?” he asked.,He asked if this meant that the danger was over.,He often says, “China is great.” He often says (that) China is g
8、reat. “I dont want to play football.” he said. He said (that) he didnt want to play football.,1.陈述句变为间接引语,要用that引导从句,口语中常可省略,He says, “Is Tom an Englishman?” He asked whether/if Tom was an Englishman. He asked me“ Do you want to go?” He asked me if/whether I wanted to go.,2.一般疑问句变成间接引语,要由连词if/whethe
9、r引导,并将原来的疑问句语序变为陈述句语序。,He said, “Where is she going?” He asked where she was going. He asked me “what did you do?” He asked me what I had done.,3.特殊疑问句变为间接引语,引导词仍用特殊疑问词,但疑问语序要变为陈述语序.,Grammar 2, “Tom,” he said to him, “come here, please.” He asked Tom to go there. Father said to me ,“Dont do that.” F
10、ather told me not to do that.,4.祈使句变为间接引语时,用ask / tell / order sb. to/not to do sth. 连接。,He asked me, “You are a student, arent you?” “Where is the station?” said Tom. “Why dont you stay here over the weekend?” she said.,He asked me if I was a student.,Tom asked where the station was.,She suggested
11、I should stay here over the weekend.,关联词列举,递进关系：Whats more；moreover；besides; not.but.; in addition (to) 转折关系：but；however 归纳总结类：in a word；on the whole; in short；to sum up；in conclusion 强调关系：in fact; what is more important；in reality；indeed; in particular 并列关系：and; also; as well as；either.，or.； both.and. ；not only.but also. 先后次序关系：first; second; at last; last but not least；to begin with 重申关系：in other words; that is to say; as I have said,