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1、过去完成时,-,一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点: 概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。 构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。 肯定/否定句：主语had / hadnt 过去分词 一般疑问句：Had 主语过去分词？ (Yes, 主语had. / No, 主语hadnt.) 特殊疑问句：疑问词had 主语过去分词？,二、过去完成时的判断依据: 1. 由时间状语来判定：表示动作从过去持续到过去一段时间。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： (1) by + 过去的时间点。如： 昨天晚上九点前我已经读完这本小
2、说了。 I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.,(2) by the end of + 过去的时间点。如： 截止到上学期末，我们已经学了两千多个英文单词了。 We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. (3) before + 过去的时间点。如： 上周三以前他们已经中了六百棵树了。 They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.,2. 由“过去的过去
3、”来判定：过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： (1) 宾语从句中: 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： 她说她以前看过这电影。She said that she had seen the film before.,(2) 状语从句中: 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用
4、一般过去时。如： 当我到达车站时，火车已经离开了。When I got to the station, the train had already left. 他完成作业以后，就上床睡觉了。After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.,注意：before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： 你来这儿之前在哪儿学习？Where did you study (had you studied) before you c
5、ame here? 他关上门，离开了教室。After he closed the door, he left the classroom.,三、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 1.现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较 Whats wrong with the door? Some children have broken it. John returned home yesterd
6、ay. Where had he been? （使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”）,2.现在完成时强调一个动作从过去到现在并可能持续到将来；过去完成时强调一个动作从过去持续到过去并可能继续。 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I have already learned 1000 English words so far. 到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had already learned 1000 English words till then. 注意 过去完成跟现在完成时共通的地方是他们都可以与a
7、lready，yet，since，for连用。 观察：Where is Lily? I have waited for her for an hour! When Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour.,英语中，已经有了一个过去一般时表示在过去发生的动作，为什么还有过去完成时呢？ 要记住：过去完成时的关键概念是：假设在过去发生了两件(或以上)的事件，一件是A事件，另一件是B事件，如果A、B两个事件几乎是同时发生的，那就用一般过去时；但是，如果A、B两个事件不是同时发生的，怎么办呢？那就是：哪个事件先发生，就用过去完成时；哪个事件
8、后发生，就用过去时。在上面的假设中，如果A事件先发生，A就用过去完成时；如果B事件先发生，B就用过去完成时；而不管两件事是用什么样的时间状语或其它形式表示的。,注意,五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较： 他们昨天十点前就到车站了。 They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 他们昨天十点到了车站。 They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.,2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动
9、作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如： She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.,3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before, after, as soon as引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从
10、句都用一般过去时。如： 他进入房间，打开灯，看晚报。 He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. 我离开办公室前给她打了电话。 I (had) called her before I left the office.,1He asked me _ during the summer holidays. A. where I had been B. where I had gone C. where had I been D. where had I gone 2. What _ Jane _ by th
11、e time he was sever? A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done 3. I _ 900 English words by the time I was ten. A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt,A,D,C,4. She _lived here for _ years. A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of 5. By the time my par
12、ents reached home yesterday, I _ the dinner already. A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked,B,A,1.When I _ (arrive) at the station, he _(leave). 2.We _ (learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term. 3. I waited until he _ (finish) his homework. 4. We were surprised at what sh
13、e _already _(do) 5.She _(not go) to Qingdao because she _(go) there before.,arrived,had left,had learned,(had) finished,had,done,didnt go,had been,6. He _ (not tell) you the news yet. 7. He said he _already_(give) the book to the teacher. 8. I _ (be) to Shanghai before. 9. She told me she _(be) to Sanya three times.,hasnt told,had,given,have been,had been,