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1、Fragment,不完整句,Every sentence must have a subject and a verb and must express a complete thought. A word group that lacks a subject or a verb and does not express a complete thought is a fragment. Following are the most common types of fragments that people write.,Fragment,Dependent-word fragments 从属
2、词不完整句 -ing and to fragments 现在分词和不定式不完整句 Added-detail fragments 附加细节不完整句 Missing-subject fragments 主语缺位不完整句,Fragment,Dependent-word fragments,Some word groups that begin with a dependent word are fragments. Following is a list of common dependent words.,从属词: after/although/though/as/because/before/
3、even though/how/if/even if/ in order that/ since/that/so that/unless/until/ what/whatever/when/whenever/ where/wherever/whether/ which/whichever/while/who/whose,Dependent Words,Dependent-word fragments,Examples: After I cashed my paycheck. I treated myself to dinner. After I cashed my paycheck, I tr
4、eated myself to dinner. I wont leave the house. Until I hear from you. I wont leave the house until I hear from you.,How to correct ?,1.Attaching it to the sentence that comes after it or the sentence that comes before it:,I wont leave the house until I hear from you.,(This fragment has been attache
5、d to the sentence that comes before it.),2.Simply to eliminate the dependent word by rewriting the sentence:,I cashed my paycheck and then treated myself to dinner. I will wait to hear from you.,-ing and to fragments,When an ing word appears at or near the start of a word group, a fragment may resul
6、t. Such fragments often lack a subject and part of the verb.,Examples: 1. Ellen walked all over the neighborhood yesterday. Trying to find her dog Bo. Ellen walked all over the neighborhood yesterday trying to find her dog Bo. 2. We sat back to watch the movie. Not expecting anything special. We sat
7、 back to watch the movie. We didnt expect anything special.,-ing and to fragments,How to correct ing fragments ?,1.Attach the fragment to the sentence that comes before it or the sentence that comes after it, whichever makes sense. 2.Add a subject and change the ing verb part to the correct form of
8、the verb. 3.Change being to the correct form of the verb be (am, is, are, was, were ),-ing and to fragments,现在分词结构位于主句之后,前面需加逗号的通常有两种情况: 1. 现在分词及其短语作非限制性定语,表示对 先行词的进一步解释与说明 He was a great realist, writing about ordinary men and women in their misfortunes. 2. 现在分词结构做表示伴随或结果的状语. He sat in the armchair
9、，reading a newspaper. Her husband died ten years ago，leaving her with three children to look after. 注: 表目的的现在分词放主句之后时前面不用逗号.,How to correct to fragments?,1. When to appears at or near the start of a word group, a fragment sometimes results: e.g. At the Chinese restaurant, Tim used chopsticks. To imp
10、ress his date. He spent one hour eating a small bowl of rice. 2. The second word group is a fragment and can be corrected by adding it to the preceding sentence: e.g. At the Chinese restaurant, Tim used chopsticks to impress his date.,Added-detail fragments,Added-detail fragments lack a subject and
11、a verb. They often begin with one of the following words: also/especially/except/for example like/including/such as,Added-detail fragments,Examples: 1.Before a race, I eat starchy foods. Such as bread and spaghetti. The carbohydrates provide quick energy. Before a race, I eat starchy foods such as b
12、read and . 2. Bob is taking a night course in auto mechanics. Also, one in plumbing. He wants to save money . Also, he is taking one in plumbing.,How to correct ?,1. Attach the fragment to the complete thought that precedes it. 2. Add a subject and a verb to the fragment to make it a complete senten
13、ce. 3. Insert the fragment within the preceding sentence.,Missing-subject fragments,Examples: 1. Alicia loved getting wedding presents. But hated writing thank-you notes. Alicia loved getting wedding presents but hated writing thank-you notes. 2. Mickey has orange soda and potato chips for breakfast. Then eats more junk food, like root beer and cookies, for lunch. Then he eats more junk food, like .,How to correct ?,1. Attach the fragment to the preceding sentence 2. Add a subject (which can often be a pronoun standing for the subject in the preceding sentence),end,thank you,