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1、English Language Teaching Methodology,Unit 8 Teaching Vocabulary,Outline,Presentation(G6): Grammar-Translation method A brief revision of Unit 7 Unit 8 Teaching Vocabulary,Presentation: Grammar-Translation method,Tell us what you know about the method, its theoretical foundation, its development, cl
2、assroom practice, etc. Comment on the method. (Is this method useful for teaching grammar? Why or why not?) For Group 6.,A revision of Unit 7 Teaching Grammar,What is the role of grammar in language learning? What are the major types of grammar presentation methods? What are the major types of gramm
3、ar practice activities?,1. The role of grammar in language learning,Generally speaking, Chinese EFL learners need a certain degree of mastery of English grammar (grammatical competence is essential for communication). However, it should be noted that learning grammar itself is not the ultimate goal
4、of learning English.,2. Three ways of presenting/ teaching grammar,the deductive method the inductive method the guided discovery method Each has merits and drawbacks. The best way is to vary methods in different situations.,3. Two types of grammar practice activities,Mechanical practice and meaning
5、ful/communicative practice of grammar have both advantages and disadvantages. Two types of practice can be combined. Using prompts (pictures, mimes, tables, charts, key words, created situations) has proved to be an effective way of grammar practice.,Unit 8 Teaching Vocabulary,What are some of the a
6、ssumptions about vocabulary learning? What does knowing a word involve? How can we present new vocabulary items? What are some effective ways to consolidate vocabulary? How do we help students develop vocabulary learning strategies?,Importance of vocabulary,“Without grammar very little can be convey
7、ed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.” (D.A. Wilkins) “词汇之于语法，有如砖之如混凝土，它们共同构筑意义的大厦”。（丁建新，2004：前言） Words are bricks to a language. Words build meaning and convey thoughts.,8.1 Understanding vocabulary and vocabulary learning,Activity: Task 2 (p.117) Vocabulary items can be words, compounds,
8、 phrases, sentences. Not every single word has an equivalent in another language, e.g. “the”. Vocabulary can be taught. Both teachers and students should be aware of the difference between active and passive vocabulary, and then treat them differently.,Translation is not the best way to explain new
9、words. English-English explanations are not the best. There are many other more effective ways. An English-English dictionary is very helpful. It is more effective when words of related meaning are taught and learned together. Studying vocabulary in language contexts are more effective. Forgetting i
10、s inevitable. But if words are frequently used, they are less easy to forget.,8.2 What does knowing a word involve?,What does knowing a word involve? Knowing a word means knowing its pronunciation and stress; Knowing a word means knowing its spelling and grammatical properties; Knowing a word means
11、knowing its meaning; Knowing a word means knowing how and when to use it to express the intended meaning.,What is a word?,A word is a minimal free form. McCarthy (1990:1): “a word must consist of at least one potentially freestanding morpheme”. Free morpheme and bound morpheme, e.g. doing, table, re
12、new, teacher, textbook, textbooks, underdeveloped, gentlemanlike, greenhouse, babysitter Prefix, suffix, root/stem; complex words, compound words,Learning a word involves learning more than just the word itself.,More Examples: “upside down” in “Please do not put it upside down”. as soon as; in the s
13、ame boat; square pegs in round holes; under the weather kill two birds with one stone Long time no see. God bless you.,Hedge (2000),Vocabulary learning “involves at least two aspects of meaning. The first aspect involves the understanding of its denotative and connotative meaning. The second aspect
14、involves understanding the sense relations among words.”,8.2.1 Denotative meaning,the primary, literal or explicit meaning of a word, which refers to “those words that we use to label things as regards real objects, such as a name or a sign, etc. in the physical world. 字面意义；外延 E.g. “rose” E.g. 12 Ch
15、inese equivalents of “cousin”,Connotative meaning,the meaning of a word or phrase that is suggested or implied, as opposed to a denotation, or literal meaning 隐含意义；内涵 “the attitudes or emotions of a language user in choosing a word and the influence of these on the listener or readers interpretation
16、 of the world” (Hedge, 2000:112) “connotative meaning derives from a mix of cultural, political, social, and historical sources and learners will be aware of this phenomenon in their own language” but may not be so aware of it in TL. E.g. The connotation of “rose” is that it is a symbol of passion a
17、nd love - this is what the rose represents. E.g. “dog”,8.2.2 sense relations,collocations synonyms antonyms hyponyms,Collocations,-words that co-occur with high frequency and have been accepted as ways for the use of words E.g. “see a movie”, “watch a play”, “look at a picture” “heavy traffic”, “hea
18、vy smoker”, “heavy rain/snow/fog” Collocations help achieve fluency and appropriateness in language learning.,Synonyms,-items that mean the same, or nearly the same E.g. big huge; enormousimmense; malemasculine (formality); sadunhappy; stare (in surprise) glare (in anger),Antonyms,-items that mean t
19、he opposite of a word E.g. cheapexpensive; hotcold 形容词反义词： long short; wide narrow; new old; rough smooth; light dark, deep shallow 动词反义词：bring take; laugh weep; 名词反义词：death life; love hatred; 副词反义词：merrily -sadly; noisily quietly 介词/连词反义词：after before; above below a matter of life and death; from s
20、tart to finish, neither friend or foe, wanted dead or alive, to sink or swim (成功或失败), to have an old head on young shoulders (少年老成), Easy come, easy go.,Hyponyms 下义词,-words which can be grouped together under the same superordinate (上义词) concept E.g. superordinate: body part; hyponyms: head, eyes, e
21、ars, mouth, arms, legs,8.2.3 Receptive and productive vocabulary,Be aware of the distinction between receptive/passive and productive/active vocabulary. Receptive vocabulary refers to words that one is able to recognize and comprehend in reading or listening but unable to use automatically in speaki
22、ng or writing. Productive vocabulary: words that one is not only able to recognize but also able to use in speech and writing.,See vocabulary knowledge as a scale,Hedge (2000:116) suggests seeing our vocabulary knowledge as “a scale running from recognition of a word at one end to automatic producti
23、on at the other, through intermediate stages of making greater sense of the word and how it might be used in different contexts.”,Nations (2001) explanation,Receptive knowledge involves being able to recognize the word when it is heard; Being familiar with its written form so that it is recognized w
24、hen it is met in reading; Recognizing that it is made up of some parts and being able to relate these parts to its meaning; (form; word formation) Knowing that the word signals a particular meaning;,Knowing what the word means in the particular context in which it has just occurred; Knowing the conc
25、ept behind the word which will allow understanding in a variety of contexts; Knowing that there are some related words; Being able to recognize that the word has been used correctly in the sentence in which it occurs; Being able to recognize the typical collocations; Knowing that the word is not an
26、uncommon one and is not a pejorative (贬义的) word.,Productive knowledge of a word,Being able to say it with correct pronunciation including stress; Being able to write it with correct spelling; Being able to construct it using the right word parts in their appropriate forms; Being able to produce the
27、word to express the meaning;,Being able to produce the word in different contexts to express the range of meanings of it; Being able to produce synonyms and opposites for it; Being able to use the word correctly in an original sentence; Being able to produce words that commonly occur with it; Being
28、able to decide to use or not use the word to suit the degree of formality of the situation.,8.2.4 Implications for teaching vocabulary (p.319),Both denotative and connotative meaning need to be learned; Words are better understood in context; A group of related words is likely to be more memorable t
29、han a list of unrelated items, i.e. words learned with synonyms, antonyms or hyponyms; Knowledge of word formation is a useful source for developing vocabulary. Exploring sense relations among/between words help with learning and remembering words. Teachers and learners need to be aware of the diffe
30、rence between receptive and productive vocabulary.,8.3 Ways of presenting vocabulary p.124,Provide a visual or physical demonstration; Provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaning; Use synonyms or antonyms; Use lexical sets or hyponyms to show relations of words and their meanings; Translate and
31、exemplify, if words with abstract meaning; Use word formation rules; Teach vocabulary in chunks; Relate words to contexts in real life; Provide different contexts; Prepare for possible misunderstanding or confusion.,8.4 Ways of consolidating vocabulary (pp.126-129),Some vocabulary consolidation acti
32、vities suggested: Labelling Spot the difference Describe and draw Play a game Use word series Word bingo Word association Find synonyms and antonyms Categories Using word net-work Using the Internet resources for more ideas,8.5 Developing vocabulary learning strategies,Review regularly Guess meaning
33、 from context contextual clue: the topic, the grammatical structure, meaning connect between the given word and other words, linguistic pattern Organize vocabulary effectively (p.131) Use a dictionary (what dictionary, how to use, what to look for, when to use) keep a vocabulary notebook (in differe
34、nt formats) Manage strategy use: self-evaluate; share experiences,Vocabulary learning strategies (Wang 2)an L1 cognate 同源词; 3)context; 4) consulting others. Social strategies: asking sb who knows Consolidation strategies Social strategies: 1) cooperative group learning; 2)teachers check for accuracy
35、; 3) interact with NSs Memory/mnemonic strategies: 1) pictures/imagery; 2) related words; 3) unrelated words; 4) grouping; 5)words orthographical or phonological form Cognitive strategies: repetition and using mechanical meaning to study vocabulary, e.g. repeatedly saying a word; word lists and flas
36、h cards; taking notes in class; recording word lists; voc notebooks. Metacognitive strategies: to control and evaluate learning,8.6 Conclusion,It is very important to make students aware how to learn vocabulary effectively and how to use some vocabulary learning strategies. Teachers should present n
37、ew vocabulary items effectively and guide and help students consolidate the newly learned vocabulary. Also it is important for teachers to help students develop vocabulary learning strategies.,Assignment: Mini-demonstration of vocabulary teaching,Design a lesson plan for teaching some new vocabulary items to senior high school students. Focus on (1) 3 effective ways of presenting the items; (2) 3 ways of consolidating the newly learned vocabulary. Demonstrate to the class next week. For Group 7.,