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1、小句复合体,Lecture 4,小句复合体,小句：语法中的最高单位。它是及物性、语气和主位等系统的起点，分别同时通过三个结构层得到体现（及物性结构、语气结构和主位结构）。 小句体现了经验意义、人际意义和语篇意义，在非标记（unmarked）的情况下也通过调群（tone group）来体现。,小句复合体,Clause complex: A sentence can be interpreted as a clause complex: a Head clause together with other clauses that modify it. A combination of clause
2、s related paratactically or hypotactically but not through embedding; the mode of combination is the mode of organization of the logical subtype of the ideational metafunction. For example, clauses combined through coordination form a clause complex. The notion of clause complex thus enables us to a
3、ccount in full for the functional organization of sentences (cf. Halliday 1994: 216).,Parataxis: Logical interdependency between clauses where the interdependents are of equal status. Roughly comparable to coordination in traditional grammar. If two clauses are related paratactically, the primary on
4、e is initiating (1), and the secondary one continuing (2).,| I switched on my TV set | and there was a program about whales. | 1 2 | Lets face it, | the human body is like a condominium apartment. | 1 2,Hypotaxis: Logical interdependency between clauses where the interdependents are of unequal statu
5、s. Thus one of the clauses can be seen as a Head being modified by the other(s). If two clauses are related hypotactically, the primary one is dominant (a), and the secondary one dependent (b). Roughly comparable to subordination in traditional grammar. The traditional term subordination does usuall
6、y not differentiate hypotaxis and embedding (rankshifted clauses).,| Fear of flying is quite rational | because human beings cannot fly. | a b | Because human beings cannot fly, | fear of flying is quite b a rational. |,Embedding: rankshifted clauses clause as part of (nominal) group (downranked to
7、part of constituent) clause as participant (downranked to clause constituent) | Ionce hada leather jacket that got ruined in the rain. |,Embedding Clause as part of group The people that run the stores at the airport have no idea what things cost anywhere else. (nominal group) You never see anybody
8、on TV just sliding off the front of the sofa with potato chip crumbs all over their shirt. (nominal group) Just go as fast as you can. (adverbial group) Theyre very proud that they have a fireplace. (nominal/adjectival group),Clause as clause constituent (participant) Driving to the airport can make
9、 me nervous. I gave her whatever I had there. He likes to travel to exotic places.,Expansion,The secondary clause expands the primary clause Elaborating (i.e.) = restating in other words, specifying in greater detail, commenting, exemplifying Kings, emperors and pharaohs had storytellers; | that was
10、 their entertainment. (12) I have a friend whos unemployed | hes collecting unemployment insurance. (12) They decided to cancel the show, | which upset everybody. (ab) They decided to cancel the show, | upsetting a lot of people. (ab),1. Pfaff succeeds Martin Burke, | who resigned. (ab) 2. He appear
11、s as an independent and self-reliant figure, | whose rugged individualism need not be pressed into the mold of a 9 to 5 routine. (ab) One of the roughest was the TV quiz shows, | which gave him inferiority complexes. (ab) His inner voice, which should tell him what not to do, has not developed. (a )
12、,Extending (and, or) ,adding some new element, giving an exception to it, offering an alternative addition (positive, negative, adversative), variation (replacive, subtractive) Maybe the comets killed the dinosaurs, | maybe they tripped and fell. (12) Its my book | but you can read it. (12) 3. I cou
13、ld not cling to my past | nor did I wish to. (12),Vocational courses should be provided in grades 11 and 12; | however, for slow learners and prospective dropouts these courses ought to begin earlier. (12) Some mediums speak in practical, down-to-earth terms, | while others may stress the spiritual.
14、 (ab) If they are here, | then surely I have the right to be here. (ba) We used to go away at the weekend, | taking all our gear with us. (ab),Enhancing (so, yet, then) ,qualifying the primary clause with some circumstantial feature of time, place, cause or condition. mostly adverbial clauses Arger
15、was never able to produce it, | so I cut him off my payroll. (12) Well work for about an hour on Saturday, | then well work Monday and Tuesday of next week, | then taper off. (123) I left my wife | because I realized that I had made an awful mistake. (ab),Though my car is quite old, | it is still in
16、 running order. (ba) A glider pilot is in hospital with a fractured rib | after his aircraft crashed into an electricity pylon. (ab) People always run | to see a fire. (ab) Keeping a nervous eye on the passing traffic | many wondered out loud which of them would be next. (ba) Our chairman being away
17、 on holiday | there is little we can do about it right now. (ba),Projection “ ,The secondary clause is projected through the primary (projecting) clause reporting speech/ideas projected clauses represent propositions/proposals with a different source Verbal process: direct speech She said | I just w
18、ork here. 12 Verbal process: indirect speech She said | that she worked there. ab,Mental process (cognition): direct/indirect Men think: | Obviously I can be talked into anything. 12 Men think | that they can obviously be talked into anything. ab I dont want | to become a refugee for the rest of my
19、life. (ab),Mental process (perception) Theyve heard | that hes a good lecturer. (ab) 2. Adam saw | that she had stopped again. (ab),Embedded projection,My question is if you can go faster, why dont you go as fast as you can all the time? If there were more such cases, it would be easier to answer th
20、e question whether the policy-makers favor their own social classes. It is difficult to understand why you cant go faster. That you dislike her is obvious to everyone in the department.,It is obvious that you dislike her. That you dislike her is obvious.,Projections ideas vs. facts,Mark Anthony thou
21、ght | that Caesar was dead. (thought - cognition - projecting) Mark Anthony regretted that Caesar was dead. (regretted - affection - not projecting) It strikes me | that there is no-one here. (mental process - cognition) It worries me that there is no-one here. (mental process - affection),She under
22、stood that the house needed restoration. She saw that the house needed restoration.,Text analysis,| Lets face it, | the human body is like a condominium apartment. | | The thing that keeps you from really enjoying it is the maintenance. | | Theres a tremendous amount of daily, weekly, monthly, and y
23、early work that has to be done. | | From showering to open heart surgery, were always doing something to ourselves. | | If your body was a used car, | you wouldnt buy it. | | Youd go, | Nah, Ive heard about these human being bodies. | | This is one of those Earth models, right? | | Yeah, a cousin of
24、 mine had one. | | Too much work to keep them going. | | The new ones are nice looking, though. |,Clause as constituent,Thematic equative What the English did was to introduce tea as a part of their daily lives. Thematized comment Its nice to sit down with a quiet cup of tea.,Predicated Theme It was
25、 the English who first introduced tea as a part of their daily lives. Enhancement circumstantial adjunct? We made ourselves a cup of tea after dinner. We made ourselves a cup of tea after having dinner. We made ourselves a cup of tea after we had had dinner.,Exercise,Identify clause complexes and th
26、e ways in which the clauses have been combined. Of course everyone wants to be healthy. The amusing thing is no ones really sure how to do it. I love to exercise, but I still have to laugh at it. You go to the health club, you see all these people and theyre working out; theyre training, theyre gett
27、ing in shape.,But nobodys really getting in shape for anything. In modern society, you dont have to be physically strong to do anything. The only reason that youre getting in shape is so you can get through the workout. So were working out, so that well be in shape, for when we have to do our exercises. Thats comedy.,End of Lecture 4,