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1、,Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication,An idiom,Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this planet . John F .Kennedy,Learning objectives:,In this chapter, students will learn how to: Understand the definition and components of communication Describe the characteristics o
2、f communication Summarize the definition of intercultural communication Evaluate the forms of intercultural communication,Chapter Outline,Hunters personal experience,Lead-in Case: She Has Three Hands,Read the case and answer the following questions: Suppose you are the Chinese doctor, if you are com
3、municating with the Canadian physiotherapist, will his words irritate you? How would you respond to the situation? What caused their communication conflicts? What do you think of the different communication styles of the two doctors?,She Has Three Hands,This case can reflect the different communicat
4、ion styles between Chinese and Canadians. In western cultures, communication is the means of transmitting ideas. Western people usually communicate directly with each other. That is why the Canadian in this case says what is in his mind directly in front of the Chinese woman without hiding anything.
5、 While Chinese culture stresses harmony and emphasizes the relationships between the communicators. Chinese people view communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship. So the Chinese woman in this case tries not to argue with the Canadian fac
6、e to face to keep the “harmonious relationship” between them.,The definition of communication Components of communication,Text A: Communication,Pre-reading Task:,Form groups of three or four and work together to write a letter to a penpal friend. Analyze the following elements involved in the proces
7、s: 1. What meaning do you want to express? 2. In what way would you like to deliver or organize your idea? 3. By which channel are you going to send your message? 4. Is there anything that might interfere with the process? 5. How do you think the letter will be interpreted by people from different c
8、ultures?,Western Perspective of communication Eastern perspective of communication,The definition of communication,Western Perspective of communication,In western cultures, communication is studied as the means of transmitting ideas. Western cultures emphasize the instrumental function of communicat
9、ion; that is, effectiveness is evaluated in terms of success in the manipulation of others to achieve ones personal goal.,Eastern perspective of communication,Definitions of communication from many Asian countries stress harmony, which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition. Eastern
10、cultures understanding would define communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship.,2. Components of communication,A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.,A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.,Encodi
11、ng refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.,c. Encoding （编码）,d. Channel /Medium （渠道）,Channel/Medium is the method used to deliver a message.,b. Message （信息）,a . Sender/Source （信息源）,f. Decoding （解码）,Decoding is the a
12、ctivity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.,e. Receiver （信息接收者）,A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.,g. Feedback （反馈）,The response of a receiver to a senders message is called feedback.,h. Noise （干扰）,Noise is a
13、term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise ，physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.,(1)External Noise,Sounds that distract communicators: voices in the next room; annoying ring of someones cell phone in a mee
14、ting; etc. Other types of external noise that dont involve sound: an overcrowded room or a smelly cigar,(2) Physiological Noise illnesses and disabilities,(3) Psychological Noise forces with the sender or receiver that interfere with understanding: egotism; hostility; preoccupation; fear; etc.,(4) S
15、emantic Noise caused by using different languages; the use of jargon; different understanding of the message delivered; etc.,i. context,A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place , including physical context, social context and interpersonal context. 语境：语境指交际发生的环境，包
16、括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。,conclusion,So, what are the components of communication ? nine: sender/source, message, encoding, medium, receiver, decoding, feedback, noise, and context.,Picture Analysis What are the components of communication reflected in the following picture?,Linear Model of Communication,Sen
17、der,Receiver,Channel (message),encoding,decoding,noise,Is this an effective model of communication?,Mode of Communication,Interactive Model of Communication,Sender Receiver,Sender Receiver,encoding,decoding,noise,Feedback is essential to good communication,decoding,encoding,message / channel,message
18、 / channel,Case 9,A Piece of Cake This case wants us to recognize some components of communication. Sender/source refers to the person who transmits a message. Receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. Context refers to a setting or situation within which communication
19、takes place. In this case, Marilyn and Richard are simultaneously the senders and receivers. And their room, where the communication event happens and which makes the couple feel comfortable and relaxed, is just the context.,Text B Characteristics of Communication,a. Communication is dynamic b. Comm
20、unication is systematic c. Communication is symbolic d. Communication is irreversible e. Communication is transactional f. Communication is self-reflective g. Communication is contextual.,Pre-reading Task:,Teacher: Who can guess what it is a small animal with four legs that people often keep as a pe
21、t and can catch mice easily? A Chinese student: It is called “猫” in Chinese. A French student: It is called “Chat” in French. A Japanese student: “Neiko” in Japanese. A Spanish student: “Gato” in Spanish. A German student : “Katze” in German A Russian student : “Kosta” in Russian. Answer the followi
22、ng questions: 1. Do we use the same word to symbolize a certain object when we communicate with those speaking different languages? 2. What kind of process is involved in communication?,a. Communication is dynamic,Communication is an ongoing activity. It is not fixed. A word or action does not stay
23、frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.,b. Communication is systematic （系统性的）,Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a larger system. We send and receive messages not in isolation, but in a specific setting. Se
24、tting and environment help determine the words and actions we generate. Dress, language, topic selection, and the like are all adapted to context.,c. Communication is symbolic （符号性的）,Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. A
25、symbol is a word, action, or object that stands for or represents a unit of meaning. Peoples behaviors are frequently interpreted symbolically, as an external representation of feelings, emotions, and internal states.,d. Communication is irreversible （不可逆转的）,Communication is an irreversible process.
26、 We can never undo what has already been done. Although we may try to qualify, negate, or somehow reduce the effects of our message, once it has been sent and received, the message itself cannot be reversed.,e. Communication is transactional （交互式的）,A transactional view holds that communicators are s
27、imultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversations.,f. Communication is self-reflective,Human beings have a unique ability to think about themselves, to watch how they define the world, and to reflect on their past, present, and future.,g. Communica
28、tion is contextual （情境的）,All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal setting
29、s.,Text C Culture and Communication,The relationship between culture and communication is compared to the relationship between a map and a journey. How do you understand and interpret this simile?,If possible, interview a foreign visitor to your country. Ask him about how his cultural background inf
30、luences his actual communication practices in China.,Text D,Pre-reading Task: Imagine you are organizing an international summer camp with children coming from different countries. What of the followings should be your main concerns: problems between children of different races. problems between chi
31、ldren of the same culture. problems between children of different cultures. problems between children who share the same nationality but not the same race.,2. Forms of Intercultural Communication,a. International Communication b. Interethnic Communication c. Interracial Communication d. Intracultura
32、l Communication,1. Intercultural Communication Defined,Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.,a. International communication,International communication takes place between n
33、ations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized(仪式化) .,United Nations Conference,b. Interethnic communication,Ethnic groups usually form their own communities in a country or culture. These groups share a common origin or heritage that is apt to influence family nam
34、es, language, religion, values, and the like.,c. Interracial communication,Interracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.,d. Intracultural communication,It is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture.,Homework and After-class activities,Go to the library or surf the Internet to get more vivid examples of the four forms of intercultural communication.,Now, lets summarize the key points of this chapter!,