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1、,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Those who know do not talk. Those who talk do not know. Keep your mouth closed. Guard your senses. Temper your sharpness. Simplify your problems. Mask your brightness. Be at one with the dust of the Earth. This is primal union. He who has achieved thi
2、s state Is unconcerned with friends and enemies, With good and harm, with honor and disgrace. This therefore is the highest state of man.,An idiom,There is language in her eyes, her cheeks, her lip, nay, her foot speaks. Shakespeare,Learning objectives :,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communicati
3、on,1.to understand the significance of nonverbal intercultural communication 2.to perceive the definition of nonverbal intercultural communication 3.to describe the functions of nonverbal intercultural communication 4. to summarize the categories of nonverbal intercultural communication,Chapter Outl
4、ine,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Significance,Definition & Functions,Categories,Other Categories,Repeating,Regulating,Contradicting,Complementing,Paralanguage,Silence,Proxemics,Chronemics,Oculesics,Olfactics,Haptics,Kinesics,Chromatics,Attire,
5、lead-in case What Is Wrong with the Interaction?,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Please read Case and then discuss the questions in pairs.,Nonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons. Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning w
6、e get from conversations. Nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness. We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Text A Significance of Nonverbal Communication,Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverb
7、al communication can be open to many interpretations.,This gesture means OK in the U.S and many cultures, while it means zero in France, and means money in Japan.,Definition of Nonverbal Communication The Functions of Nonverbal Communication,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Text B Def
8、inition and Functions of Nonverbal Communication,Definition of Nonverbal Communication,The messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,The Functions of Nonverbal Communication,a. Repeating People use nonverbal communication to
9、 repeat, clarify, and empasize their point of view. For example, nod as saying yes. b. Complementing Nonverbal communication cues can add to or complement a verbal message. For example, scratch head.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,c. S
10、ubstituting Nonverbal messages may substitute verbal ones in certain settings. There are situations in which words cannot be used. In a very noisy street, for example, police officer might use hand gestures to replace spoken messages. d. Regulating Nonverbal behaviors can help control verbal interac
11、tions by regulating them, such as turn-taking signals (hand raised) in conversations e. Contradicting Certain nonverbal behaviors can contradict spoken words.,1. paralanguage(副语言) 2. silence (沉默 ),Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Text C Paralanguage and Silence,1. Paralanguage,a. voic
12、e set the context in which the speaker is speaking: the situation gender mood age persons culture b. voice qualities volume pitch tempo rhythm articulation resonance nasality accent c. vocalization: characterizers qualifiers segregates,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Chapter 6 Nonver
13、bal Intercultural Communication,2. Silence,Silence is a form of nonverbal communication that may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the situation, the duration of the silence, and the culture. The use of silence in communication is also important. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy
14、 (冷漠), awe (敬畏), confusion, contemplation (沉思), disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings. Case-analysis: A Quarrel,What is the basic barrier in the communication between Smith and Li Hua?,1. chronemics(时间行为) 2.
15、proxemics pr:ksi:mi:ks(空间行为),Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Text D Time and Space,1. Chronemics,The sense of time Monochronic and polychronic views of time,Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,a.Time is cyclical
16、 (循环的) b. Time is linear (线性的),Western cultures think time is linear a flow from the past to the present to the future.,Life on earth evolved in response to the cycles of day and night and the ebb and flow of the tides.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,The sense of time,a. Monochronic
17、 time b. Polychronic time,Polychronic time means being involved with many things at once.,Monochronic time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Monochronic and polychronic views of time,Activity:,Recall your own experience abou
18、t waiting for someone who is late for an appointment, or when you are late for an appointment. Describe your feelings under such circumstances.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,2. proxemics,a. Fixed features of space b. Semifixed features of space c. Personal space,Proxemics refers to
19、 the study of spatial relations. The study of proxemics includes three aspects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and (c) personal space,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,a. Fixed features of space,Architecture and spacing of buildings belong to thi
20、s aspect of space. For example, a person in the United States can drive on a highway for miles and never see a sign of people or dwellings. Therefore, he may be amazed at the closeness of people in China. Intercultural communicators need to realize that cultures have alternative approaches to space
21、and ways of using it.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,b. Semifixed features of space,Semifixed features of space refer to spatial arrangements of movable objects within a room, such as furniture arrangement and seating.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Chapter 6 Nonver
22、bal Intercultural Communication,Furniture arrangement,French space is a reflection of French culture. Everything is centralized, and spatially the entire country is laid out around centers. In Germany, where privacy is stressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office. In Japan, where group
23、 participation is encouraged, many desks are arranged hierarchically in the center of a large, common room absent of walls. Chinese geomancy (泥土占卜), feng shui, is the art of arranging the physical environment to establish harmony with the natural environment to achieve happiness, prosperity, and hea
24、lth.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Seating,In the United States, they tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or stand beside them. The Chinese often experience uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite side of a desk or table from someone
25、.,c. Personal space In the United States Hall reports that psychologists have identified four zones from which U.S. people interact: the intimate zone, the personal zone, the social zone, and the public zone. 2. In India In India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste may
26、 approach other castes. 3. In Arab Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans. An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Case-analysis: Dont Put
27、Your Hand on My Arm,What can be learned from the case above?,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Dont Put Your Hand on My Arm,It was hard for Sam to concentrate on what Martin was saying. Martin was visiting from Chile and English was not his native language, but that was not the problem
28、. Sam was all to aware of Martins hand resting on his arm. He tried to ignore it, but he felt like people passing by were staring at them. He didnt want people getting the wrong impression. They wouldnt know,Martin was from Chile and, even if they did, it was one thing to give someone a friendly pat
29、 but quite another to just stand there holding the other guys arm, occasionally rubbing it. It just wasnt so natural. He tried to disengage from Martin through some purposeful gestures and stepping back slightly, but Martin persisted and Sam always ended up with Martins hand on him again.,Sam had be
30、en asked by his superior to help with transportation for Martin during his stay in the United States, and he didnt want to offend Martin.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,1. oculesics (目光语) 2. olfactics (嗅觉) 3. haptics (触觉行为) 4. kinesics (身势语行为) 5. chromatics (色彩学) 6. attire (服饰）,Text
31、 E Other Categories of Nonverbal Communication,The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics. A prolonged gaze or stare in the United States is considered rude. In other cultures such as Japan, Korea, and Thailand, staring is also considered rude. In most cultures, men do not star
32、e at women. In France and Italy, however, men can stare at women in public. In the United States, staring at a person is considered a sign of interest and may even be interpreted as sexually suggestive.,1. oculesics,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,2. olfactics,The study of communicat
33、ion via smell is called Olfactics. A persons smell can have a positive or negative effect on the oral message. Activity: Discussion,Have you had the experience of being puzzled and annoyed by a direct eye contact from people of other cultures? If yes, try to think about the reason why. Discuss it wi
34、th your group members.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,3. haptics,Haptics or touch refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact. In Thailand and Laos, it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance (熟人) to touch a child on the top of the head because the head is regarded as t
35、he home of the spirit or soul. It is believed that a childs spirit or soul is not strong enough to be touched and has tendency to become ill if patted. Even placing a hand on the back of an Asian workers chair is considered inappropriate. White Muslims hug another person around the shoulders, Korea
36、young people do not touch the shoulders of their elders. Discussion: p186,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,4. kinesics,Kinesics is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions, gestures, posture and stance, and other mannerisms t
37、hat may accompany or replace oral messages.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,a. Gestures a movement of part of your body, especially your hands or head, to show what you mean or how you feel. b. Posture Posture, the way someone stands, sits, or walks, can send positive or negative non
38、verbal messages. Posture can signal agreement or disagreement. Appropriate posture is related to a persons status in society. For example, the manager may stand erect when talking to subordinates, but the subordinates may drop their shoulders when talking to the manager. c. Facial expressions,Chapte
39、r 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Gestures can be emblems or or regulators (ones face turns red with embarrassment). Gestures are used to add emphasis or clarity to an oral message.,symbols (the “ok” gesture),illustrators (police officers hand held up to stop traffic),Chapter 6 Nonverbal Int
40、ercultural Communication,5. chromatics,Chromatics refers to the study of color use in affecting peoples mood, emotions, and impression of others.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Black is the color of mourning to many Europeans and U.S. Americans, but white is worn to funerals in Japa
41、n and many other nations. In the United States, white is typically worn by brides while in India, red or yellow is worn. Purple is sometimes associated with royalty, but it is the color of death in many Latin American countries. Red (especially red roses) is associated with romance in some cultures
42、including the United States. Red is not an appropriate color for wrapping gifts in Japan. Dark red is the color of mourning along the Ivory Coast.,Cultural differences associated with colors include:,Chapter6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Green is not used for wrapping packages in Egypt sinc
43、e green is the nationalist color (as red, white and blue are the nationalist colors in the United States). Men should avoid wearing a green hat in China as this signifies that their wife or sister is a prostitute. In many countries of the world, blue is considered a masculine color, but to people of
44、 France and the United Kingdom, red is more masculine. Blue, in Iran, is an undesirable color. While people of the United States consider pink to be the most feminine color, persons in most other countries think of yellow as the most feminine color.,Cultural differences associated with colors includ
45、e:,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,United Airlines unknowingly got off on the wrong foot during its initial flights from Hong Kong. To commemorate the occasion, they handed out white carnations (康乃馨) to the passengers. When they learned that to many Asians white flowers represent bad
46、 luck and even death, they changed to red carnations.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,American brides,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Indian brides,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,National flag of the U.S.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communicatio
47、n,white carnations,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Red carnations,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,6. Attire,Although Western business dress has been widely adopted among other cultures, you may wish to learn cultural distinctions in appropriate business attire (服装). W
48、hen visiting Saudi Arabia, for example, the Saudi might wear the traditional Arabic white flowing robe and headcloth.,The use of clothing and physical appearance to communicate is more obvious. Clothing can reflect cultural heritage.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Case-analysis: For
49、mality of Dress,1. What can we learn from the case? 2. Nike is very popular in the United States while the consumption of Nike remains moderate in the European countries. Why?,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Assignment, Give interpretations to the following nonverbal behaviors . l An adult pats a childs head l A customer in a restaurant waves his hand over his head l Two women walk hand in hand on the