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1、v1.0可编辑可修改Text1The most noticeabletrendamong todaysmedia companies is verticalintegration( 垂直统一管理) , an attempt(尝试 ) to control several related aspects(方面 ) of themedia business at once, each part helping the other. Besides publishing magazinesand books,Time Warner, forexample, owns HomeBox Office(
2、HBO), Warner movie studios( 摄影棚 ),variouscableTV systems throughoutthe USA, and CNNas well.The Japanesecompany MatsushitaOwns MCA. RecordsandUniversalStudiosandmanufacturesbroadcast production equipment.Todescribethe financialstatus(财务状态 )of today s media is alsoto talkaboutacquisitions(获 得 ).Themed
3、iaarebuyingandsellingeachotherinunprecedented(空前的 ) numbers and forming media groups to position themselves inthe market place to maintain and increase their profits(利润 ). In 1986, the firsttime a broadcast network had been sold, two networks were sold that year ABC andNBC.Mediaacquisitionshave skyr
4、ocketed(猛增 ) since1980 fortwo reasons.The firstisthatmost big corporationstoday are publiclytradedcompanies,which means thattheirstockis tradedon one of the nation s stockexchanges ( 股票交易 ).This makesacquisitions relatively easy.Amedia company thatwants to buy a publiclyowned company can buy thatcom
5、panysstock when the stock becomes available(有用的 ). The open availabilities of stockin these companies means that anybody with enough moneycan invest in the Americanmedia Indus tries, which is exactly how Rupert Murdoch joined the media business.The second reason for the increase in media alliances(联
6、合 ) is that beginningin 1980, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) gradually deregulated (解除管制 ) the broadcast media. Before 1980, for example, the FCC allowed one companyto own only five TV stations, five AM radio stations, and five FM radio stations;companies also were requiredto hold onto
7、a stationforthreeyears beforethe station11v1.0可编辑可修改could be sold.The post-1980FCCeliminatedthe three-yearruleand raisedthe numberof broadcast holdings allowed for one owner. This trend (倾向；趋势) of mediaacquisitionsiscontinuingthroughoutthe 1990s,aschangingtechnologyexpands themarket for media produc
8、ts.1. Which of the following is true of the mediaA. They used to sell and buy each other in great numbers.B. They are trading each other in greater numbers today.C. They used to be controlled by two networks ABC and NBC.D. They have stopped the trend of acquisitions in the 1990s.2. According to the
9、passage, what makes acquisitions easier A. The changing technology employed by the media.B. The medias increasing profits in the marketplace.C. The ever tougher regulations of the FCC on the media since 1980. D. The availabilities of the medias stocks on stock exchanges.3. What is the FCCs new polic
10、y regarding mediaalliancesB. It doesnt allow companies to sell their stocks publiclyC. It permits one company to own more media businesses at the same time.D. It has eliminated all post 1980 companies.4. The issue of media ownership is important because _. A. it affects the amount of money the stock
11、holders will makeB. it decides whether we can have different aspects of the media C. it concerns the channels through which to express opinionsD. it means that more and more people will hold onto only a few stations.Text222v1.0可编辑可修改Several analogies have been used to explain human memory, the const
12、ruct usedtoaccount forthe way experiencesat one pointintimeinfluencebehaviorat a laterpoint in time. Plato (425-348BC), for example, suggested memory was analogous totheimpressionof messages on wax writingtablets.ForPlato,writingon thetabletrepresented learning something new, the tablet itself was t
13、he memory store, andreadingthe tabletslaterwas analogoustotryingto recallthestoredinformation.Like the writing on a wax surface, with the passing of time, memories became lessclear.Unfortunately,Plato sanalogymissesan importantcharacteristicofmemory,namely that it is selective. By way of contrast, o
14、ne always has access to theinformation on the tablet, unless all or part of it is destroyed.Another analogyis ofmemory and a hologram.A hologramisa devicewhichstoresa three dimensional record of a scene using photography with a laser light. Evenifpartof theholographicplate ismissing, itispossibletor
15、econstructtheimagewiththepartsof theplatethatremain.Experiencesorknowledgecan also be recalledusing incomplete memories. Other analogies involve artificial methods of storinginformation, too. The comparison of the mind to a computer is attractive becauseit emphasizes the ability of human memory to r
16、ecall information quickly, but thesame objections stated above with regard to Platos hypothesis apply here.Gregg (1975) has compared memory to the functioning of a tape recorder. Thelatterrecordssound waves, coded as magneticpatternson tape,and storethem overtime.The informationrecordedcan be decode
17、d,withoutdestroyingthe tape,forlateruse. Gregg points out, however,thatthe analogyis too simple.Humanmemory isfarmore sophisticatedthan theworkings of a tape recorder. It does not simply record passing events passively,for instance; unlike the machine, it is dynamic, capable of selecting whichinform
18、ation it will store, and of arranging the storage system in more than justa simple linear fashion.33v1.0可编辑可修改Blakemore (1977)has notedthatthe discoveryofDNA, the moleculethatcarriesgenetic information, has provided scientists with another source of analogy todescribe memory. Thisanalogy proposestha
19、teach experienceresultsinthe synthesisof specificchemical moleculesin thebrainand theformationofnew molecules.Thesesynthesizedmoleculesrepresentmemories.This descriptionofmemory wouldprovideboth the physical substrata (the synthesized molecule) and the nature of the code(the specific shape of the mo
20、lecule).However attractivea givenanalogymay appear,itis importanttorecognizethelimited function of analogies in science in general. As used in science, they aregenerally substitutes for understanding, models that guide research, not genuineexplanationsof phenomena. They areusefulif theyprovokeinvest
21、igationsdesignedto establish differences between the things compared, dangerous if they promotecomplacent acceptance as the same, two things which are really different.11. One definition of human memory given by the author is that _. A. experiences may influence behavior at one time but not at other
22、B. experiences account for later behaviorC. mental construct may account for the way experiences influence later behavior D. memory is constructed in the way that accounts for experiences12. The hologram analogy is better than Platos since _.A. it is a three dimensional recordB. it uses the modern t
23、echnology of photographyC. it includes the known capacity of memory for recovering missing informationD. ithas a largecapacityof storinginformationthan Plato s wax writingtablets13. The author thinks the analogy with a computer is_. A. an improvement for the wax tablet and hologram examples44v1.0可编辑
24、可修改B. as objectionable as Platos, though attractiveC. inappropriate, if applied to Platos hypothesisD. an exact illustration of the characteristics of human memory14. One limitation of the tape recorder analogy is that_. A. the machine is only capable of storing information linearlyB. memories are t
25、oo numerable to be recordedC. the machine is only good for recording sounds but not for recording graphsD. the tape-recorderrecordspassingeventsonlybutthe brainpredictsthe futureas well15. The author sees analogies as _-. A. the end product of scientific researchB. substitutes for investigation and
26、understandingC. inspirations guiding further research into unknown areasD. models provoking investigation into differences between the compared thingsText3“Museum”isa slipperyword. Itfirstmeant (inGreek) anythingconsecratedto theMuses:a hill,ashrine,agarden,afestivalor even a PlatosAcademy and Arist
27、otlesLyceum had a mouseion,a muses the Greeks already collected detached works ofart,many temples notably that of Hera at Olympia (before which the Olympic flameis still lit) had collections of objects,some of which were works of art bywellknown masters,while paintings and sculptures in the Alexandr
28、ian Museum wereincidental to its main purpose.The Romans also collected and exhibited art from disbanded temples,as well asmineral specimens,exotic plants,animals; and they plundered sculptures andpaintings (mostly Greek) for ,the Greek word had slipped into Latin by55v1.0可编辑可修改transliteration (thou
29、gh not to signify picture galleries,which were calledpinacothecae) and museum still more or less meant“Muses-shrine ”.The inspirational collections of precious and semi-precious objects were keptin largerchurches and monasteries which focusedon the gold-enshrined,bejewelledrelics ofsaintsand ,andlat
30、ermerchants,hadsimilarcollections,whichbecame thedeposits of natural curiosities:large lumps of amber or coral,irregularpearls,unicorn horns,ostrich eggs,fossil bones and soalso included coins andgems often antique engraved ones as well as,increasingly,paintings andtheymultipliedand expanded,tosuppl
31、ement them,theskillofthefakersgrew increasinglyrefined.At the same time,visitors could admire the very grandest paintings andsculptures in the churches,palaces and castles; they werenot “collected ”either,but“site- specific ”,and were considered an integral partboth of the fabric of the buildings an
32、d of the way of life which went on insidethem and most ofthe buildingswere public,duringthe revivalofantiquityinthefifteenthcentury,fragmentsofantique sculpturewere givenhigherstatusthanthework of any contemporary,so that displays of antiquities would inspire artists toimitation,or even better,to em
33、ulation; and so could be considered Muses- shrinesin the former Medicigardennear San Marco in Florence,theBelvedereand theCapitolin Rome were the most famous of such early“inspirational” theymultiplied,and,gradually,exemplary“modern”works were also added to suchgalleries.In the seventeenth century,s
34、cientific and prestige collecting became sowidespread that three or four collectors independently published directories tomuseumsall over theknownitwas the age ofrevolutionsand industrywhich producedthe next sharp shiftin theway the institutionwas perceived:the furyagainstroyaland church monuments p
35、rompted antiquarians to shelter them in asylum-galleries,of66v1.0可编辑可修改which the Musee des Monuments Francais was the most ,in the first half of thenineteenthcentury,museumfundingtookoff,alliedto the riseof new wealth:Londonacquired the National Gallery and the British Museum,the Louvre was organize
36、d,theMuseum-Insel was begun in Berlin,and the Munich galleries were Vienna,the hugeKunsthistorischesand NaturhistorischesMuseumstookover much of the imperial,thedecline of craftsmanship (and of public taste with it) inspired the creation of“improving ” Victoria and Albert Museum in London was the mo
37、st famous,as well asperhaps the largest of them.25. The sentence“Museum is a slippery word”in the first paragraph means thatA the meaning of the word didnt change until after the 15th century.B the meaning of the word had changed over the years.C the Greeks held different concepts from the Romans.D
38、princes and merchants added paintings to their collections.26. The idea that museum could mean a mountain or an object originates from A the Romans.B Florence. C Olympia.D Greek.27. “.theskillof the fakersgrew increasinglyrefined ” in the thirdparagraphmeans thatA there was a great demand for fakers
39、.B fakers grew rapidly in number.C fakers became more skillful.D fakers became more polite.77v1.0可编辑可修改28. Paintings and sculptures on display in churches in the 15th century were A collected from elsewhere.B made part of the buildings. C donated by people.D bought by churches.29. Modern museums cam
40、e into existence in order toA protect royal and church treasures.B improve existing collections.C stimulate public interest.D raise more funds.30. Which is the main idea of the passage A Collection and collectors.B The evolution of museums.C Modern museums and their functions.D The birth of museums.Text488v1.0可编辑可修改99v1.0可编辑可修改1010