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1、定语从句一、定义在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。 从字面上看， 定语从句是从属于主句的一个从句， 即去掉之后主句仍是完整的句子， 并且定语从句本身具有完整的句子成分，即主谓，主谓宾，主谓宾宾补，主系表等。但是由于其从句的特性， 需要有词来引导它。引导定语从句的词叫做关系词，并且始终置于定语从句之首。根据在定语从句中所做的成分来看，关系词分为两种，关系代词和关系副词。具体见下：常见关系代词：指代对象人who, whom, that物which, that既有人又有物that定语whose常见关系副词：when, why, where二、关系代词的选用关系
2、代词代替先行词，在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，宾补或表语， 即句子的基本成分。如果先行词为人，并且关系代词在定语从句中做主语，那么可以选用who 或者 that，如：This is the man who/that helped me.如果先行词为人，并且关系代词在定语从句中做宾语，可以选用who, whom 或者 that，如：The doctor who/whom/that you are looking for is in the room.如果先行词为物，那么可以选用which 或者 that,如：The building that/which stands near the river
3、 is our school.whose 在定语从句中， 相当于先行词 +s，of which 或者 of whom, 即 whose 在定语从句中做定语，既可以指人又可以指物。如：Do you know the man whose name is John?Do you see the house whose windows are all broken ?但是当 whose 和 of which 或者 of whom 转换时， 一定要加上 the 变成特指， 上面两句可以变成：Do you know the man of whom the name is John?Do you see t
4、he house of which the windows are all broken ?三、关系副词的选用如果定语从句中不缺基本成分，则根据先行词及句意，从when, why, where 三个词中选择。关系副词在定语从句中做状语，表示时间，地点和原因。如：This is the place where we lived for 5 years .(We lived in the place for five years.)先行词指地点，定语从句中不缺基本成分，缺状语I know the reason why he did so.(He did so for the reason.)先行词
5、指原因，定语从句中不缺基本成分，缺状语（注意区分I know the reason that he explained at the meeting .）I remember the day when we met.(We met on the day.) 先行词指时间， 定语从句中不缺基本成分，缺状语从上述几个例句发现，1. 关系副词相当于介词+先行词，在定语从句中做状语。2. 所有的关系副词都可以换成相应的介词+which ，即第 1页This is the place in which we lived for 5 years .I know the reason for which h
6、e did so.I remember the day on which we met.四、注意事项1. that 在定语从句中并不是万能的。介词后面的关系代词只能是which 和 whom, 指人的时候用whom, 指物的时候用which, 绝对不能出现that。如：Here is the money with which you can buy the book.Nancy is the person on whom you can depend.非限制性定语从句中that 也不能使用。 （定语从句与主句被逗号隔开的称为非限制性定语从句， 没有逗号隔开的则是限制性定语从句。 非限制定语从句
7、与主句关系较小， 起到解释说明的作用， 去掉对句意影响不大。 限制性定语从句起到限定作用， 去掉后可能会导致主句表意不明。）如：The moon, which is 384,400 kilometers away from the earth , is very beautiful.My sister, who works in Shanghai , sends me an email almost every day.2. 当先行词既有人又有物的时候，关系代词只能用that，如：I will never forget the things and peoplethat we met when
8、 we were in Nanjing .3. 关系代词不能用which ，只能用that 的情况有：1）先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。如：All that we have to do is to practice every day.Much that you have read is nonsense.2）先行词被序数词或者形容词最高级修饰。如：The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.This is the most inte
9、resting book that I have ever read.3）先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some 等修饰。如：I have read all the books that you gave me.Any paper that you read will give the same story.No man that has common sensecan believe it.4）先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰。如：He is the only person t
10、hat I want to talk to .This is the very book that I want to buy .4. 当关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中做宾语时，关系代词能够被省略。如：The girl (whom/who/that) you met yesterday lives next door.I ll tell you everything(that) I know.5. the way 后面的定语从句当 the way 后面的定语从句不缺基本成分时，可以用that/in which/ 省略。如：The way (that/in which) one behaves
11、says what type of person she is.6. 关系代词 which 的特别用法which 除了代替先行词在定语从句中做成分之外，还能代替前面描述的整个或部分句子。如：He saw the girl, which delighted him .7. 关系代词as 的特别用法1） as 做关系代词，要区别前面描述的which,that, who, whom 等，当先行词被such或者 so 修饰的时候，关系代词只能用as, 如：Such people as were mentioned by him were honest.第 2页These questions are s
12、o difficult as no one can answer.(区分These questions are so difficult that no one can answer them.)2） as 和 which 一 也可以代替整个句子，但是差 在于：as 用在一些固定的 构中 (as we all know, as is known to all, as is expected, as is often the case ，)有正如的意思， as 引 的定 从句位置任意，而 which 引 的定 从句只能出 在其替代的部分后面。如：As is known to all , he i
13、s the best student in our class. 句如果用which 改写的 只能改成：He is the best student in our class, which is known to all .同步 ：1. On May 12th, many parts of Sichuan were struck by an earthquake, from_ effects the people are still suffering.A. thatB. whoseC. thoseD. what2(2019 安徽， 29)A lot of language learning,
14、 _ has been discovered, is happening in thefirst year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.A asB itC. whichD this3.Do you know the man _?A. whom I spokeB. to who spokeC. I spoke toD. that I spoke4.The factory _well visit next week is not far from here.A. whereB.
15、to whichC. whichD. in which5.Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. whichB. thatC. whenD. on which6.He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science.A. which I think isB. which I think it isC. which I think itD. I think is7.Is oxygen the only gas _ help
16、s fire burn?A. thatB. /C. whichD. it8.This is the first time _ he has been here.A. thatB. whenC. at whichD. which9.I dont like _ you speak to her.A. the wayB. they way in thatC. the way whichD. the way of which10.All that can be eaten _ eaten up.A. are beingB. has beenC. had beenD. have been11.I hav
17、e bought two ballpoint pens, _ writes well.A. none of themB. neither of themC. neither of whichD. none of which12.Many countries are now setting up national parksanimals and plants can be protected.A. whenB. whichC. whoseD. where13.The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _ he could see _ was going o
18、n inside house.A. which; whatB. through which; whatC. through that; whatD. what; that14.Is _ some German friends visited last week?A. this schoolB. this the schoolC. this school oneD. this school where15.Last summer we visited the West Lake, _Hangzhou is famous in the world.A. for whichB. for thatC.
19、 in whichD. what16.I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _ we spent together.A. when; whichB. which; whenC. what; thatD. on which; when17.The factory was built in a secret place, around _ high mountains.A. which wasB. it wasC. which wereD. them were18.When reading a novel, it i
20、s important to look at the political and cultural context _ the第 3页novel is written.A. whyB. thatC. whichD. where19. David is such a good boy _ all the teachers like.A. thatB. whoC. asD. whom20. Happiness and success often come to those _ are good at recognizing their own strengths.A. whomB. whoC. w
21、hatD. which21. The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform_visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.A. whatB. whereC. whenD. why22. The course that Beijing University offers normally attracts 30 foreign students per year,_ up to half will be from America.A
22、in whichB for whomC. with whichD. of whom23.He talked about a hero _ no one had ever heard.A. of whomB. from whomC. about thatD. who24.This is the very letter _came last night.A. whoB. whichC. thatD. as25.Mynew boss offers mea higher salary, _ I can get a considerable bonus (extrapayment) at the end
23、 of the year.A. on top of thatB. on top of itC. and on top of whichD. on top of which26.That s the dog _.A. we ve been looking afterB. aft er which we ve been lookingC. what we ve been looking afterD. we ve been taking care for27.The use they are _ the waste helps to save a lot of money.A. made ofB.
24、 made fromC. making up ofD. making of28.In the dark street, there wasn t a single person _ she could turn for help.A. thatB. whoC. from whomD. to whom29.The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice.A. at whichB. on thatC. whenD. of which30.I donike tthel way _ he spoke to me.A. wha
25、tB. by whichC. by thatD. /31. I, who _ your best friend, am the only of the three from China _ got the recent news that you are to visit China next month.A. is; that hasB. am; that haveC. is; whom haveD. am; who has32.This is the very knife _ I used to cut apples yesterday.A. thatB. by whichC. which
26、D. with which33.What is the way Smith thought of _ enough money to buy the new house?A. gettingB. having gotC. being gotD. to get34.The train _ he was traveling was delayed for more than an hour.A. by whichB. on whichC. for whichD. on that35. You can only be sure of _ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _you might get in the future.A. that; whatB. what; /C. which; thatD. /; that第 4页