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1、现在完成时一、现在完成时构成构成：现在完成时由助动词have +过去分词构成，助动词have有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用 has，其余用 have.现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面上n ot、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：否定式疑问式I have not (have nstudied?.Have I studied? ?You have not (have nstudied?.Have you studied? ?He has not (has nstudied?.Has he studied? ?否定疑问式简单回答（肯定 /否定）H
2、ave I not (Have nI) studied? ?Yes, you have. No, you have nHave you not (Have nyou) studied?Yes, I have. No, I have nHas he not (Has nhe) studied? ?Yes, he has. No, he hasn 、现在完成时用法1、现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强 调的1动作或状态对现在的结果或影响My daughter has just go ne out.我女儿刚出去。I m sure wee met be fOr肯定我们以前
3、见过面She has arrived. 她到了。2、表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如recen tly, already, just, lately, for?, sin cyet 等。如：? ）I have n heard from her these days 这些日子我没有收到她的信。We haven t seen you recently.最近我们没有见至M你响They have bee n away for two years.他们离开已经两年了。She has bee n with us since Mon day. for+时段 sinc
4、e+过去一个时间点（译为：从 ? ? 以来） since+ 时段 +ago since+从句（过去时） It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）Mary has bee n ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.since和for的区别since 后接时间点，女口1993 , last term, yesterday, the time I got therefor后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”,女口 ten years, a while, two days 等。3、 表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow,
5、 buy, begi n, start, die 等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：He has come here for 2 weeks.xThe old man has died for 4 mon ths.xThey have left only for 5 minu tes.x4、 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in)的区另UHave/Has gone(to):去了(现在不在说话现场，可能在路上和已经到)Where is your father?He has gone to Sha
6、n ghai.Have/Has been (to):去过(已不在去过的地方)My father has bee n to Sha nghai.Have/has been in :呆了多久(还在所呆的地方)My father has bee n in Shan ghai for two mon ths. /si nce two mon ths ago.5、 现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago,just now, whe n I came in，但可以禾口already, yet, sometimes,
7、always, ofte n, before, lately, rece ntly,once, twice, ever, never 等连用。不能与 when 连用。现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用例如：She has already come.她已经来了。I haven t read it yet 我 还没读过这个。I have met him before.我从前曾见过他。Ma Hong has always bee n a good stude nt.马红一直是个好学生。I have ofte n see n him in the street.我经常在街上看见他。They
8、have never been to Yan他 们a从.未去过延安。I have nt seen him lately.我近来没看到他。三、现在完成时的标志,用以下四大标志词可以表达这1、现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响种含义:* 以 already, just 和 yet 为志He has already got her help.他已得到她的帮助。He has just seen the film.他刚刚看过这场电影He has nt come back yet.他还没有回来。*以ever和 never为志This is the best film I have ever
9、 see n.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影He has n ever bee n to Beiji ng.他从没有至 U过北京。*以动作发生的次数为标He says he has bee n to the USA three times.他说他已经去过美国三次了。*以so far （到目前为止）为标+beforeHe has got to Beiji ng so far.到目前为止他已到了北京。She has passed the exam so far.至U目前为止她已经通过了考试延续的2. 过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在，甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作特性和 时间”点段的区分入
10、手，进一步学习现在完成试for+时段 since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志四、瞬间动词buy, die, jo in, come, go ,leave, jo in不？ 能?直接与 for since 连用。要改变词buy-have borrowkeepcome/arrive/reach/get tobe ingo out-be out leave -be awaybeginbe onfinish-be overope n-be ope nclose be closeddie-be dead1、have 代替 buyMy brother has had（ 不能用 has bought
11、） this bike for almost four years.2、用 keep 或 have 代替 borrowI have kept（不能用 have borrowed） the book for quite a few days.3、用 be 替代 becomeHow long has your sister bee n a teacher?4、用 have a cold 代替 catch a coldTom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.5、用 wear 代替 put on6、用b毛形容词”弋终止动词be + marri
12、ed 代 marry be + ill 代 fall (get) illbe + dead 代 die be + asleep 代 fall (get) asleepbe + awake 代 wake/wake up be + gone 代 lose,die,sell,leavebe + open 代 openbe closed 代 close/shutbe + miss in g(g on e,lost)代 lose7、用b毛副词代终止动词be + on 代 start beg inbup 代 get upb 毛back(to) 代”tur n to, come back to, go ba
13、ck tobe here (there) 代 com e(arrive, reach, get) here 或 go (arrive, reach, get) there&用b毛介词短代终止性词3. be in/at 地点 代替 go to /come to4. 用 be in the army 代替 join the army5. be in/at 地点 代替 move to常用瞬间动词变延续性词表1. have arrived at/i n sw. got to/reached sw. come/g on e/moved to sw.have been in sw./at 相应？ 的介词2
14、. have come/g one back/retur ned have bee n back3. have come/g one outhave bee n out4. have become have bee n5. have closed / ope ned have bee n close/ope n6. have got up have be en up7. have died have been ；ead8. have left sw. have bee n away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep have been ;sl
15、eep10. have finished/ended/completed have ；een over11. have married have been m arried12. have started/begun to do sth. ha ;e done sth.13. have begu n have bee n on14. have borrowed/boughthave kept/had15. have lost have n had16. have put onhave worn6. have caught /get a coldf have ；ad a coldbee n in/have bee n the Partymember/the league member/the soldier7. have got to know8. have/has gone tof have known f have been in9. have join ed/have take n part in the league/the Party/the armymem fehaf / hbeebeea