《初高中英语衔接课程讲义：第三章重要词性了解.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《初高中英语衔接课程讲义：第三章重要词性了解.docx（30页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、第三章 重要词性了解一、名词个 体 名词表示人或物的个体，如：teacher, pen, hand集 体 名 表示个体组成的集合体，如： family, team, 词 police名词分类普通名词物 质 名词抽 象 名词表示无法分为个体的固体、液体、气体等实 物，如：ice, water, gas表示抽象概念的，如性质、状态、情感等的名词，如：sadness, happiness, work专有名词人名、地名、机构、事物、组织、概念、节日等。 一般直接在名词后加-s以字母-s,-sh, -ch, -x 结尾的名词后加-es规则变化 以字母-f 或-fe 结尾的名词，把-f/-fe 改为-v，
2、再加-es 以-0 结尾的名词的复数多数加-es以辅音字母+y 结尾的名词，要把 y 改为 i，再加-es名 词复 数构 成规律不 规 则 变化1 改变单数名词中的元音字母2 单复数形式相同，如：sheep, deer, fish, means 表示某国人的名词的复数形式因习惯不同而各异 a.单复数形式相同（多以 ese 结尾），如：Chinese, , Swiss b. 词尾加 -s（多以 -an 结尾），如：Americans, Koreans, Indiansc. 将 man 变成 men ，将 woman 变成 women ，如： Englishman-Englishmen其他形式，如
3、：mousemice, child- children加-s/-s1 名词单数形式,用-s,表示,如: the girls books2 复数形式,用 s表示,如 Teachers books注：所有格后所接名词表示地点时候，地点名词可省略。 如：the doctors复合名词在最后的名词后加 s ，如 brother-in-laws名 词所 有格books表示时间、距离、重量、国家、城市，地点无生命的 名词也可用s 形式来表示其所有关系，如：three days walk借 助 介 词无生命的物体的名词所有格常用 of 表示。如：the coverof of the book双 重 所 有格
4、二、代词由s 所有格和 of 所有格组合修饰名词，如：an old friend of Toms人称人称代词物主代词反身代词第 一 人 I, we, me, us my, our, mine, myself, ourselves种类称第 二 人 youoursyour, yours yourself,yourselves称第 三 人 we, he, she, it his, her, its, hers, himself, herself,称theirs itself, themselves指 示 代 this, that, these, those, such, the same词不 定 代
5、 all, both, neither, none, either, each, many, few, little,another, much,词one, ones, some, any 以及 no-/some-/any-/every-+body/one/thing疑 问 代 who, whom, whose, what, which词相 互 代 each, other, one, another, each others, one another s词Exercises:1. Here is the that his younger brother loves best.A. coffee
6、 cup B. coffees cup C. cup of coffee D. coffee of cup2. Mr. Tony always has to tell his students at the beginning of his lectures.A. some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good newsC. some good piece of news D. some piece of good news3. As a businessman, Mr. Li gained his by selling famous of En
7、glish and American writers.A. wealth; work B. wealth; works C. wealths ; works D. wealths ; work4. He is a kind-hearted man. People can get on well with him.A. Few B. A little C. Quite a few D. Little5. The post office isnt far from here. Its only bicycle ride.A. half an hours B. an hour and a half
8、C. half an hour D. half an hour s6. The population of Shanghai very big and most of its population native people.A. are ; is B. is ; is C. are; are D. is; are7. Would you like to have ,Tom?No, thanks, l have had enough.A. any more orange and apples B. some more oranges and apples C. any more oranges
9、 and apples D. some more oranges and apple8. Which do you prefer to drink, or coffee? , please.A. teas; Two tea B. tea; Two tea C. tea; Two teas D. teas; Two teas9. lt was really to get a present from him on her birthday party that she couldnt believe it, looking at him in .A. such big surprise; a s
10、urprise B. such a big surprise; surprise C. so big surprise; a surprise D. such big surprise; surprise10. These are bikes. The twin brothers like them very much.A. Jack s and Jerrys B. Jack s and Jerry C. Jack s and Jerry B. Jack and Jerrys11. How much water is there in the bottle? .Youd better come
11、 to fetch another bottle.A. A little B. Nothing C. No one D. None12. Bill works harder than in his class. He is the most excellent student l have met.A. the other boys B. other boys C. any boy D. another boy 三、形容词一、成分成 分定 语表 语宾语补足语状 语例 句One of the most common languages used for creating web pages is
12、 called HTML.Who is the greatest woman writer alive in the world?After getting her hair cut, she looked even more beautifulWith the window open, many things in the shop were stolen at night.The bird fell onto the ground, dead.二、比较级此外，初中还安排了形容词比较级、最高级的语法点学习。其变化规 则如下表：规 则 原 级 比较级 最高级单音节形容词在 词尾加-er；-es
13、t 以字母 e 结尾的 形容词在词尾加 -r；-sthighfewlargewidehigherfewerlargerwiderhighestfewestlargestwidest以重读闭音节结 尾的形容词，末尾只有一个元音 字母加一个辅音 字母结尾，应先 双 写 该 辅 音 字thinbighotthinnerbiggerhotterthinnestbiggesthottest母，然后加 -er ； -est以辅音字母加 y结尾的形容词， 须先将 y 变成 i，happyfunnyhappierfunnierhappiestfunniest然后加-er；-est多音节形容词前 加 more
14、变比较 ulbeautifmorebeautifulthe most beautifulthe most级；加 the most interesti more interesting 变最高级 ng interesting部分不规则的形容词变化如下表：原级比较级 最高级good better bestbad/ill worse worstmany/much more mostlittle less leastfar farther/further farthest/furthestold older/elder oldest/eldest三、具体用法1、只能修饰形容词原级的词 very, qu
15、ite, so, too. 例如：He is too tired to walk on. 他太累了以至不能再继续走了。My brother runs so fast that I can t follow him. 我弟弟跑得那么快 以至我跟不上他。2、含有 asas（与一样）的原级表达句式。例如：Tom is as old as Kate. 汤姆和凯特年龄一样大。Tom is twice as old as Kate. 汤姆的年龄是凯特的两倍。Tom runs as fast as Mike. 汤姆和迈克跑得一样快。【注意】1、否定形式 not asas 也可以用成 not soas“不如不
16、及。” 例如：He doesnt walk as slowly as you. 他走路不像你那样慢。This room is not as/so big as that one. 这个房间不如那个大。2、可以修饰比较级的词 much, a lot, a great deal, far, by far(得多)， a little, a bit(一点儿)，even(甚至)，still(仍然)，any(用于否定、 疑问句中)。例如：Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two.第一课比第二课容易得 多。Tom looks even younger than be
17、fore. 汤姆甚至比以前更年轻。 This train runs much faster than that one. 这辆火车比那辆跑得快。 She drives still more carefully than her husband. 她开车仍然比她丈夫还认真。【典型例题】1、The experiment was easier than we had expected.A. more B. much more C. much D. more much答案 C。much 可修饰比较级，easier 本身已是比较级，不能再用 more.2、最高级表示三者及三者以上事物间的比较，常与 of
18、，in连用。 例如：The Yangtze River is the longest river in China. 长江是中国最长的 河流。 The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China. 长江比中国其他任何一条河都长。Of all the planets, the Mercury is the nearest to the sun. 在所有的行 星中，水星离太阳最近。3、“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越”。例如：He is getting taller and taller. 他长得越来越高了.The flower
19、s are more and more beautiful. 花儿越来越漂亮。4、“the + 比较级the+比较级”表示“越，就越”。例如： The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you ll make. 你越认真，犯的错误就越少。【典型例题】children there are in a family, their life will be.A. The less, the better B. The fewer, the better C. Fewer, richer D. More, poorer答案 B。由句意得知“家里孩子越少，生
20、活会越好。”children 是 可数名词，应用 few 来修饰。四、形容词与不定代词的搭配连用当形容词和不定代词 something, anything, noting, everything 连用 时，这些代词应放在前面，形容词在后面。例如：Do you have anything interesting to tell us all today? 今天有啥有 趣的事情跟我们大家说说吗？Take it easy. There is nothing serious with your disease, which is just a cold. 别紧张，你的病无大碍，只是感冒而已。【典型例题
21、】I have to do today.A. anything important B. something important C. important nothing D. important something答案 B。形容词修饰不定代词时应放在其后面。故排除C、D。句 意是“我今天有重要的事情要做”，表示肯定用 something.五、形容词与 enough 的搭配连用当形容词 enough 和不定代词连用时，形容词放在前面，enough 在后面。例如：Charlie was lucky enough to have been taken to the Loch Ness with f
22、amilies. 查理足够幸运地被家人带着去过尼斯湖。【注意】1. 只能用作定语，不能用作表语的形容词：little, wooden , golden, many, elder不能说 The boy is little. The watch is golden / wooden.2. 只能作表语，不能用作定语的形容词：well, ill, alone, content, unable, worth, afraid, alive, asleep, ashamed, awake, aware例如：an ill boy, an alone village 就是用错的短语。可以说 an ill ide
23、a“坏点子”，ill 当定语时是转义，不是“有病的”了。3. 英语形容顺序当两个以上形容词修饰一个名词，形容词该如何排列？为什么不 能说 a black new pen,而是说成 a new black pen? 这里面有无规则可 循？如果你记住下列口决：好美小高状其新，颜色国料特别近。那你 就能掌握英语中系列形容词做前置定语时的排列问题。“好”代表评价性的形容词，如 nice, good, kind 等；“美”指描述物体给人的心理感受的形容词，如 beautiful, pretty, handsome, ugly, good-looking, lovely 等；“小”指描述物体大小的形容词，
24、如 small, big, large, little 等； “高”指描述物体的高低/矮的形容词，如 tall, high, short, deep,wide, shallow, thick 等；“状”指描述物体形状的形容词。如 round, square, narrow 等; “其”是整个口诀中的语气词，无含义。“新”指描述物体新旧的形容词。如 new, old young 等。“颜色”就是 red, green, blue, pink, black, yellow, purple 这类词语。 “国”也就是描述国籍类的形容词。如 Chinese, Germany, Russian,Spani
25、sh 等。“料”指描述物体制成所用的材料。如 plastic, metal, wood, aluminum, wool, cotton, glass, steel 等。英语中这六类形容词连用时就按上述先后顺序排列，如 a nice long new black British plastic pen 当然，实际语言使用中不可能出现这么多 形容词连用的情况。4. 英语同源形容词的区别在英语中某些词有两种或两种以上的形容词形式，它们词形相 近，但词义不同，容易用错。v-ing 表示事物的特征 v-ed 表示人的心理感受 frightening 令人恐惧的 Frightened 对感到恐惧 deli
26、ghting delightedannoying annoyedexciting excited【典型例题】The boy on the tree asked in a voice,“Are you sure I m going to land on the mat？”A. happy B. frightened C. frightening D. embarrassing答案 B。树上的孩子害怕地问道：“你们确信我会落到垫子上吗？” a frightened voice,表明树上的孩子心理很恐惧。5.“定冠词 the+形容词”表示一类人或物，用做主语时，谓语用复数 形式。例如：the you
27、ng 年青人 the weak 弱者 the strong 强者the disabled 残疾人 the old/aged 老年人 the injured 受伤人员 E.g: The injured in the traffic accident have been rushed to thenearest hospital. 交通事故中受伤的人员已经被迅速送到最近的医院 去了。6.“not +比较级”并不表示否定，而是表示正面的肯定。例如：I couldnt agree more. 我绝对赞同。You couldnt have chosen a better gift for me. 你挑选
28、给我的是最好 的礼物。7. 并非所有的形容词都有比较级。如：superior, senior, junior, similar, different, necessary, impossible 等形容词没有比较级、最高级的用 法。【典型例题】After we compare the two, we find this design is that one.A. more superior to B. far superior than C. more superior than D. far superior to答案 D。“对比之后，我们发现这款设计比那一款要优越”。形容 词 superi
29、or 没有比较级形式，选项 A.C.用了比较级，故错误；superior 与 to 搭配连用，故 B 也错。8. 连系动词 seem, feel, sound, appear, remain, look, go, turn, get, become 常接形容词构成系表结构。例如： The witness remained silent over the matter for some reasons. 出于某些原因，目击者对此 事保持沉默。Your proposal sounds very practical. 你的提议听起来很实用。 Exercises:1. Several hours la
30、ter, with the help of the police, the students managed to escape from the dangerous place, .A. hungry and frightened B. hungrily and frighteningC. hungry and frightening D. hungrily and frightened2. l feel even now.A . bad B. well C. worse D. worst3. She was very happy. She ran of all the runners.A.
31、 fastest B. the quickest C. slowest D. quickly4. Keep quiet, please. Its noisy here.A. many too B. too many C. much too D. too much5. Have you spoken to a foreigner? No,A. already; never B. ever; never C. yet; already D. ever; ever 6. He is taller than in his class.A. any boy B. any c. any other boy
32、 D. some other boys7. English is as as Chinese. You should learn it well.A. important B. more important C. the most important D. much more important8. Music is not so useful as science. Its useful than science.A. fewer B. less C. more D. a lot9. Weve never heard of story before.A. such a strange B.
33、such strange C. so a strange D. so strange 10. You must wear glasses. They can keep your eyesA. soft B. safe C. safely D. safety11. The box is heavy for the girl carry.A. too; to B. to; too C. so; that D. no; to12. As far as Im concerned, education is about learning and the more you learn, .A. the m
34、ore for life are you equipped B. the more equipped for life you areC. the more life you are equipped for D. you are equipped the more for life四、副词一、成分1、作状语We should listen to the teachers carefully in class. 我们在课上应该 仔细听讲。（副词修饰动词）You are quite right. 你相当正确。（修饰形容词）H e parked the car very easily. 他很容易地
35、把汽车停放好了。(修饰 副词)H usually go to school at 6:40 every morning. 我通常每天 6 点 40 去 上学。（修饰整个句子）2、作定语有时少数地点副词和时间副词可以作定语，放在所修饰词的后 边。People there used to drink or use the water in the river. 过去那儿的 人们饮用那条河里的水。【注意】副词作定语时和介词短语作定语一样，一律后置。 3、作表语作表语的副词多数是表示位置的，如 in, out, on, back, down, up, off, away, upstairs.He is
36、 in. 他在家。Whats on this evening? 今晚演什么节目？I must be off mow. 我现在必须走了。4、作宾语补足语Let them in.让他们进来。We saw her off two days ago. 两天前我们为她送行。二、副词在句中的位置1、在形容词之前。Its extremely hot today.Wind is a kind of environmentally friendly energy.2、在 be 动词、助动词之后。Im terribly sorry for what I have done to you.English is wi
37、dely used all over the world.3、多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。但须注意： 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. 我们能清晰地看到一束奇怪的光在我们的前头。方式副词 well, badly（糟、坏），hard 等只放在句尾。 He speaks English well.4、地点副词、时间副词和方式副词一般放在句末。【注意】地点副词作状语时要后置，不属于这种情况。Ill wait for you here. 我将在这儿等
38、你。（地点副词）Ill meet him at the station tomorrow. 明天我将去车站接他。（时间 副词）Tomorrow Ill meet him at the station.The boy wrote the homework quickly. 这个男孩子写作业很快。 （方式副词）They did their experiments carefully in the lab yesterday. 昨天他们 在实验室认真地做实验。(方式地点时间)【注意】有时为了强调时间，也可把时间副词放在句首。Last week the students all worked well
39、 here. 这些学生上周在这里 都做得很好。5、频度副词在句子位置有以下两种：在 be 动词、情态动词及第一个助动词之后。例如：She is always kind to us. 她对我们总是很好。（动词）I can never forget the day. 我永远也不能忘掉这一天。（情态动词） The work has never been done. 这件工作永远也做不完。在实义动词之前。例如：He often goes to school late.三、副词的比较级和最高级规则副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样的，这 里不再赘述。仅举几例：hard harder hard
40、est fast faster fastestlate- later - latest early earlier earliest不规则副词well better - best much more mostbadly worse - worst little less least但是，派生类副词即以后缀-ly 结尾的副词不能像形容词那样加 -er 或-est，如quickly - more quickly - most quickly quietly - more quietly - most quietly【注意】early 中的 ly 不是后缀，故可以把 y 变 i 再加-er 和-es
41、t 四、副词的排列顺序1、时间、地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。Lets make it 8:30 tomorrow morning.2、方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用 and 或 but 等连词连 接。Please write slowly and carefully.3、多个不同副词排列，程度+地点+方式+时间副词【注意】副词 very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。（错）I very like English.(对) I like English very much.【注意】副词 enough 要放在形容词的后面，形容词 enough 放在名词 前后都可。I dont know
42、 him well enough.There is enough food for everyone to eat.五、副词的构成除了 often, seldom, always, already, ever, fast, straight 等副词外， 一般情况下，在形容词末尾加上-ly 就成了副词，一些以-l 结尾的形 容词变副词时须双写 l,然后加-ly。如：slow slowly, quick quickly , clear clearly, obvious obviously physical physically, mental mentally, peaceful peaceful
43、ly另外少数-le 结尾的形容词变副词时，-le 直接换成-ly。 Terrible Terribly gentle gently comfortable comfortablytrue truly但需注意：下列-ly 结尾的词多用做形容词。friendly, deadly, lovely, lively, likely, lonely, weekly, monthly, orderly, warmly六、come, go, head, arrive 等动词与下列副词连用时，不用介词。 drive downtown 驾车去商业区 go upstairs 上楼 comedownstairs 下楼
44、live abroad 住在国外 stay indoors 呆在室内 play outdoors 在户外玩go home 回家 get there 去那儿 arrive here 到这儿衔接学习：1、否定副词(no, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, little, few 等)置于 句首用部分倒装。例如Hardly had the criminal arrived at the airport when the policemen arrested him. 罪犯一到机场就被警察抓住。Seldom does my father drink unless th
45、ere comes a good friend. 我 父亲很少饮酒，除非有好朋友来。Under no circumstances will Mary give up the idea of going go college. 任何情况下玛丽都不会放弃上大学的想法2、当副词 here, there, now, out, in, up, down, away, then, back, off 等放在句首时，须用完全倒装句式。Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了。Now comes your turn! 现在轮到你了。The door opened, and in came Mr W
46、an. 门开了，万先生进来了。 A strong wind blew and away went his hat. 一阵强风刮来，他的帽子飞走了。3 、高中有这些词如： strangely, unfortunately, obviously, clearly, additionally, hopefully 常用于句首修饰整个句子，对整个句子做评注。Unfortunately，the village was covered by a heavy mud storm. 很 不幸地，这个村庄被泥石流给埋没了。Obviously , they have already known the result of the interview. 显 然他们已经知