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1、1,测试理论及试卷分析系列讲座（1）,熊捍东,教师培训,安庆师范学院外国语学院,2,1.2 Why to learn LT? To enhance the theoretical level and quality of test-making(命题). To arouse teachers scientific awareness, not to carry out testing purposelessly(盲目), excessively (过度) or unreasonably (非理性). To deal with results of tests carefully and dis
2、creetly (谨慎), motivating learners interest. To become expert educators and enjoy life.,1. Understanding of Language Testing,3,2. Categories of Language Testing,What kinds of testing do you know? 2.1 Proficiency test(水平测试) To measure peoples ability in a language regardless of （不考虑、不管、忽略）any training
3、 they may have had. 2.2 Achievement test(成就测试) To measure how much of the language had been taught during a given period of time. 2.3 Diagnostic test(诊断测试) To identify student strengths and weakness and to ascertain further teaching plan.,4,2.4 Placement test（分班测试） Place students at the stage or cla
4、ss appropriate to their abilities. 2.5 Aptitude test（潜能测试） To predict a students future success, potential, capability in language study. 2.6 Power test （能力测试） To measure the level of performance with sufficient difficulty and ample time to complete.,2. Categories of Language Testing,5,2. Categories
5、 of Language Testing,2.7 Speed test（速度测试） To measure the level of performance with many easy test items and a time limit. 2.8 Computer adaptive test（计算机测试） Using computer to present test content and can match individual testee ability. 2.9 Standardized test（标准测试） Test that has been experimentally ev
6、aluated and found valid and reliable.,6,2.10 Direct-testing（直接测试） To measure ones ability directly in authentic（真实） context and format. 2.11 Indirect-testing （间接测试） 2.12 Discrete-point testing （分离测试） To test a single element of language or skill at a time. 2.13 Integrative testing （综合测试） To test two
7、 or more (often a number of) skills or features of language together.,2. Categories of Language Testing,7,2.14 Objective testing（客观测试） It can be scored with reference to a scoring key and with no subjective judgment. 2.15 Subjective testing（主观测试 ） It is scored on scorers opinion or judgment. 2.16 No
8、rm-referenced testing（常模参照测试） Performance is measured not with relation to teaching objectives, but with relation to group ranking(排名). 2.17 Criterion-referenced testing（标准参照测试） Performance is measured not with relation to others scores, but with relation to criteria for a particular unit of learnin
9、g. See the RSA test,2. Categories of Language Testing,Pronunciation still obviously influenced by L1 though clearly intelligible（可理解的）. Grammatical or lexical accuracy is generally high, though some errors which do not destroy communication are acceptable.,Use of language generally appropriate to fu
10、nction. The overall intention of the speaker is always clear.,A fair range of language is available to the candidate. He is able to express himself without overtly （公然地） having to search for words.,Is able to take the initiative in （参与） a conversation and to adapt to new topics or changes of directi
11、on though neither of these may be consistently manifested.,Most contributions （话语） may be short, but some evidence of ability to produce more complex utterances and to develop these into discourse should be manifested.,See the RSA test (The Royal Society of Arts) at intermediate level,9,3. Main test
12、s in the world,3.1 PETS (Public English Test System)全国公共英语考试,To the level which junior graduates are to reach,High level of senior graduates in middle schools,4th level of CET,To or higher than the 6th level of CET,4th level of TEM,10,3.2 CET (College English Test) Subject Test/Advanced Test ),Gradu
13、ate Management Admission Test(美国商学院研究所入学考试委员会) 同样委托ETS设计举办,For entrance of MBA, math competence, language comp., logical thinking, problem solving. Not only in Am. but in Europe.,Founded by ETS (Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey) in 1947, the biggest non-profit assessment organizati
14、on, educational research leader, service for 200 countries and in charge of 12,000,000 individuals tests.,12,3.4 IELTS （雅思）,International English Language Testing System (国际英语语言测试系统),For studying in English-speaking countries, especially in Commonwealth of Nations,1.The University of Cambridge Local
15、 Examinations Syndicate UCLES 2.The British Council 3. IDP Education Australia 剑桥大学考试委员会 英国文化协会 澳大利亚教育国际开发署,13,4. Criteria of Language Testing,4.1 Whats validity（效度）? In testing, it refers to the degree to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure. 4.1.1 Face validity （表面效度） The
16、extent to which a test appears to measure what it claims to measure. 4.1.2 Content validity （内容效度） A test is said to have content validity if its content constitutes a representative sample of the language skills, structure, etc. with which it (test) is meant to be concerned.,14,4.1.3 Construct vali
17、dity （构建效度） The extent to which the planned skills are actually measured in a test. 4.1.4 Concurrent validity （共时效度） The extent to which scores on a new test correspond to scores before. 4.1.5 Predictive validity （预测效度） The correlation coefficient (相关系数) between scores from an aptitude test and scores later.,4. Criteria of Language Testing,15,4.2 Whats reliability （信度） ？ Refers to the consistency （一致性） of the scores from a test. See the calculation (信度计算） Thank you for the cooperation!,4. Criteria of Language Testing,