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1、横泉水库供水发电洞进水塔施工工艺白永利（晋中市水利建筑工程总公司 晋中 030600）摘 要：横泉水库供水发电洞进水塔，具有塔高、混凝土工程量大和施工难度大的特点，在做好钢筋焊接和模型支护的基础上，运用混凝土输送泵设备，保证了工程质量和工程任务目标的实现。关键词：横泉水库 供水发电洞 进水塔 施工工艺中图分类号：TV52 文献标识码：B进水塔作为输水系统的控制中枢，在水利枢纽的整体规划中是输水部分不可或缺的重要组成内容，在新建、改建和扩建的水利水电工程中，进水塔施工也逐渐成为建设项目的一部分，如何优质、高效地完成进水塔施工任务是项目承包人面临的施工课题。进水塔布置在输水洞、泄洪洞、供水发电洞等
2、输水系统的进口位置，塔内有工作闸门、检修闸门，供水发电洞的进水塔还多布置有拦污栅等。进水塔的高度视水库的最高水位线而定，一般均在30m以上；塔基础座落在坚硬、完整的基岩上，并用锚杆将基础和基岩牢固连接；因其位置的特殊性，一般塔周三面环水，一面临山体或坝坡，布设交通桥，便于对进水塔的运行进行管理和维护。1、 工程概况 横泉水库位于吕梁市三川河支流北川河上，方山县班庄村与横泉村之间。枢纽主要建筑物包括大坝、泄洪洞、导流供水发电洞和电站。供水发电洞进水塔为岸塔式三侧封闭槽形钢筋混凝土结构，顺水流方向长15.4m，垂直水流方向宽7.6 m，塔底高程1 106.65m，塔顶高程1 138.00 m。根据
3、供水要求及泄洪要求，进水塔设上部泄洪取水口，下部取水口及底部施工导流孔口。上、下取水口之间设置胸墙。上部泄洪取水口为开敞式，净宽4m，底槛顶高程1 123.50m，下部取水口孔口尺寸4m2m，底槛顶高程1 114.00m。底部施工导流孔口尺寸为3.4m3.4m，主要用于施工期导流及泄洪，施工完毕后采用混凝土封堵。2、 进水塔施工特点进水塔的塔高、工程量多、施工难度大。进水塔底板厚1.7m，塔筒高度31.35m，检修平台以上的启闭机房高度为15.6m。进水塔仅一面靠山，且距离为15m（即交通桥的长度），周围没有可依赖的施工平台，因此几十米的高度要完全靠垂直运输来解决。3、 施工机械配置 混凝土的
4、搅拌工序，配置一台L500强制搅拌机和一套配料机，一台ZL50装载机负责上料；混凝土的运输、入仓由一台60kW电机的混凝土输送泵来完成；钢筋、模板的垂直运输则用一台16t吊车进行作业。因施工场地小，作业空间有限，施工安全和工作效率须严格的管理来维护和保证。 4、进水塔施工工艺4.1 垂直运输机械的选择进水塔施工应首先考虑的是钢筋、模板、混凝土等的垂直运输问题，但塔式吊机并不是唯一选择，应因地制宜，根据进水塔位置的周边环境，对几种垂直运输机械的施工方案进行比较，本着安全第一、效率第一和施工成本最低的原则进行机械的选择。经过多次方案比较后，在离进水塔位置10m远的山坡脚填筑土方，建成一个高出地面6
5、m的长宽15m10m的停机平台，将一台16t吊车停靠在上面作为垂直运输机械。4.2 模板支护方案根据进水塔结构尺寸的要求，并充分考虑到人工拆卸到再重新组合的难度和工作效率，选用1 500mm600mm的平面钢模板，其单件重量为35.5kg；针对闸门槽较多（有4个闸门槽）的设计要求，同时配备了足够数量的阴角、阳角及连接角模，以防止各转角处在混凝土浇筑过程中的漏浆并确保混凝土成型后的外观质量和尺寸。钢模板支护采用“内撑外拉，左右固定”的立模支撑方式。内撑即在模板内用圆木支撑确保混凝土成型尺寸，外拉即在模板上穿钢筋，通过在模板外的钢筋上加力使模板稳定。立模前，先准备好两端固定模板的对销螺栓和长度等于
6、混凝土单侧筒厚的圆木，本项目施工采用直径为14mm，两端铰丝，长度大于塔筒厚度2030cm的圆钢做对销螺栓。塔筒立模时，其内外侧模板应同时相对进行；在塔筒内外侧模板上，以60cm的间距内外对称钻比对销螺栓直径稍大一号的圆孔，然后对应的在两模内侧放入长度等于筒厚的圆木，将螺栓穿入，以螺栓端头穿出横向双夹钢管和竖向双夹钢管为宜，然后带上蝴蝶扣扭上螺母，即可挂线校核模板，先校内模，用钢管固定内模，内模校好后，即扭紧相应对拉螺栓，然后挂线再用木楔调整外模，调好后模板支护即完成。模板支护需注意以下几点：1）内外模板上钻的插螺栓对称孔必须平行；2）螺栓两端头的蝴蝶扣和螺母应根据实际受力情况进行适量增加；3
7、）校模时必须遵循由内向外的顺序挂线进行，应反复进行直到各部尺寸和垂直度均无误为止。4.3 钢筋焊接针对塔内主筋垂直焊接较多的特点，专门购置三台多功能电焊机，对垂直主筋采用电渣压力焊接工艺，纵、横分布筋采用闪光焊接工艺。此两种技术均为钢筋对头焊接，运用强电流将两钢筋头熔化，借助一定的压力使其结合为一体，并保持了钢筋的原钢性，经试验室的多次抗拉和抗弯试验，其效果和性能甚优；电渣压力焊可在仓面直接焊接，闪光焊接在地面将钢筋焊好后再进行吊装至仓面；此两种焊接方法须由专业焊工操作，配以普工辅助即可完成。4.4 混凝土浇筑 混凝土浇筑时，因配置的机械化程度较高，因此对各项指标要求也较严格，如施工配合比的调
8、整确定、水灰比的控制、坍落度的控制以及外加剂的掺量等等，以上指标控制的好坏是混凝土输送泵能否正常工作的前提。因此，在混凝土浇筑时须注意：1）每次开仓浇筑混凝土时，须做好砂石料的含水量测定，以准确确定施工配合比、控制水灰比和坍落度。2）混凝土中掺加的外加剂，应符合泵送的要求，进泵的混凝土坍落度一般宜在10cm18cm之间。3）混凝土的最大粗骨料粒径应不大于导管管径的1/3，并不应有超径骨料进入混凝土泵，施工配合比以一级配为宜。4）安装导管前，应彻底清除管内污物，并用压力水冲洗；安装后要注意检查导管间的密闭性，防止漏浆；泵送混凝土前需先用砂浆润壁。5）应保持泵送混凝土工作的连续性，如因故中断时，则
9、应隔20min使混凝土泵转动一次并打压，以免导管堵塞。在正常温度下，如间歇时间过久（超过45min），应将存留在导管内的混凝土排出，并对导管加以清洗。6）混凝土泵送工作完成后，应及时用压力水将进料斗和导管冲洗干净。5、结语进水塔施工属于高空作业，安全是项目管理的第一要务；垂直运输机械的安放、运行、脚手架的支撑以及施工人员的作业都必须严格按规程进行标准化操作；进水塔的外部尺寸，尤其是外壁及四角的垂直度是影响外观质量的关键；内部尺寸能否按设计要求保证，决定着能否与闸门安放等金结施工的吻合衔接。一座进水塔的施工任务能否顺利完成，是集安全管理、质量管理与进度控制三者有机并有效结合的高难度、高技术的项目
10、管理工作，只有充分考虑各道施工工序的工法及注意事项等方面，进水塔施工才能顺利按计划进行。在严格周密的组织管理、合理的机械配置和全体参建员工的共同努力下，仅用一个半月的时间便完成了塔高31m，2000余m3的钢筋混凝土浇筑施工，为横泉水库大坝第一阶段施工目标的顺利实现提供了保证。作者简介：白永利 男，1973年生，1993年毕业于山西省水利学校水利工程管理专业，工程师。收稿日期：2008-12-02On Construction Technique of Intake Tower of Water Supply and Power Tunnel in Hengquan ReservoirBAI
11、Yong-liAbstract: The intake tower of water supply and power tunnel in Hengquan Reservoir possesses following features: high tower, big quantity of works and big difficulties. To make a good job on reinforcement-welding, on form work and on pumping concrete to place, the project quality has been ensu
12、red and the project target has been achieved.Key words: Hengquan Reservoir water supply and power tunnel intake tower construction techniqueEditors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to
13、 typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the f
14、irst space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a m
15、eteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie f
16、loating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched th
17、e balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of
18、 faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially fil
19、led balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment
20、on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this
21、mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will c
22、limb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloo
23、n will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a sw
24、imming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of
25、 sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that
26、can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reser
27、ve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might
28、not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.