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1、An Analysis on Male-centered Consciousness in The Lady of the CamelliasAcknowledgementIn writing this thesis, I have benefited from the presence of my teachers and my classmates. They generously helped me collect materials I needed and made many invaluable suggestions. I hereby extend my grateful th
2、anks to them for their kind help, without which the paper would not have been what it is.Particularly, I am deeply indebted to Chen Ke, who guided me throughout my writing of this thesis. She carefully read the whole draft and offered painstaking and precious criticism. Her standards of academic exc
3、ellence have made my revision an exciting and gratifying experience. Furthermore, none of this would have been possible without the help of those individuals and organizations hereafter mentioned with gratitude: the Foreign Language Department, the University Library and its staff. An Analysis on Ma
4、le-centered Consciousness in The Lady of the CamelliasAbstractThe Lady of the Camellias was a masterpiece of world literature and even was presented on the stage for many times. And as we all know, The Lady of the Camellias was the first foreign novel that entered our country. It played an important
5、 role in modern Chinese literature. It was a tragic love story between Marguerite Gautier, a prostitute and a young bourgeois, Armand Duval. Marguerite was not only a prostitute but also a beautiful girl with pure heart. She sacrificed everything she had for love, even her own life. This essay analy
6、zed the tragic story of The Lady of the Camellias from the prospective of male-centered consciousness.The paper is divided into four parts: the first part introduces the author, the writing background, story itself, and other basic information; the second part introduces the gender theory and male-c
7、entered consciousness which belongs to it; the third part analyzes the domination of Alexandre Dumas Filss male-centered consciousness on the Novel from different aspects, such as heroines identity, character, life experience, indication, womens thoughts, the uneven relationship between woman and ma
8、n, the authors narrative technique; the fourth part sums up the paper and puts forward its practical significance.The tragic ending of the heroine was due to a multitude of reasons. But the main reason should be the domination of male-centered consciousness on the society and peoples thought. We sho
9、uld realize that the male-centered consciousness impacted not only literature works but also every aspects of peoples life.Key Words: Gender theory; Male-centered Consciousness; The Lady of the Camellias摘要茶花女是法国亚历山大小仲马的代表作，是一部世界文学经典，曾被多次搬上舞台银幕。这是部凝聚永恒爱情的小说，以女主人公玛格丽特的生活经历为主线，真实细致地描写了一位外表与内心都像白茶花那样纯洁美
10、丽的巴黎风尘女子，为了自己不被认同的爱情而被命运遗弃。众所周知，茶花女是第一部翻译过来的外国小说，在我国的近代文学史上也有举足轻重的地位。本文将以茶花女为研究对象，从男性中心意识的角度解读茶花女的悲剧故事。论文的第一部分主要包括小说的背景知识，其中包括亚历山大小仲马生平，作品简介以及写作历史背景知识。第二部分主要介绍性别理论及其包括的男性中心意识。第三部分具体解读亚历山大小仲马的男性中心意识在小说女主角性格、身份、社会经历及女主角的象征物茶花、女性思维、社会男女对等问题以及作者叙事策略等方面的体现。最后，对小仲马及茶花女进行总结性的评价以及点出本文对现代人的启示。小说中女主角的悲剧是多方面造成
11、的，其中历史上长期存在的男性意识为主导的社会及人们的思想是其中一个主要原因，从这个角度来看茶花女的悲剧是必然的。人们应意识到长久以来存在的男性中心思想不仅体现在文学作品中而且还渗透入人们生活和社会的各个方面.关键词：性别论；男性中心意识；茶花女 Table of ContentsChapter Page1 Introduction11.1 The Introduction to the Author11.2 The Introduction to the Background11.2.1 Social background11.2.2 Novels background22 Overview
12、of Gender theory42.1 Gender Theory42.1.1 Gender theory in foreign area42.1.2 Gender theory in China42.2 Male-centered consciousness53 The Domination of Male-centered Consciousness on the Novel63.1The Domination of Male-centered Consciousness on the Heroine63.1.1 Heroines social identity63.1.2 Heroin
13、es character73.1.3 Heroines life experience83.1.4 Heroines symbol93.2 The Domination of Male-centered Consciousness on Social Culture93.2.1 Womens thoughts93.2.2 The uneven relationship between woman and man103.3 The Domination of Male-centered Consciousness on Plot Setting114 Conclusion14Bibliograp
14、hy16An Analysis on Male-centered Consciousness in The Lady of the CamelliasChapter 1Introduction1.1 The Introduction to the Author Alexandre Dumas Fils (1824-1895), an outstanding writer and playwright. He was a son of Alexandre Dumas, born in Paris, France, and he was also the illegitimate child of
15、 a dressmaker. When he was seven, his father legally recognized him and made sure that he received the best education, but still did not recognize Alexandre Dumas Fils mother as his wife. Alexandre Dumas Fils suffered a lot in his earlier school life because of his illegitimacy. The cruel taunts and
16、 malevolence of his companions rankled through life, and left indelible marks on his personality. His mothers agony inspired Dumas Fils to write about tragic women. Most themes of Alexandre Dumas Fils were women, marriage and family problems. His novel truly reflected the life of the capitalist soci
17、ety and emphasized the importance of moral values. The Lady of Camellias was the beginning of his fame and it was also his masterpiece which denounced the hypocrisy of bourgeois morality and also reflected the truth of the human, tolerance and respect between people, and the love of humanity. Such t
18、houghts and feelings resonate with different people so they are generally welcomed.1.2 The Introduction to the Background1.2.1 Social background The story happened in The July Monarchy. The aristocracy held the French rule of power. The social conflicts were extremely acute. Free competition ruined
19、some people and helped some people make a great fortune. The former lived a luxurious life but the latter lived a vagrant life. Country girl came from home to the city, such as Marguerite, just began to be chased by bourgeoisies who spent billions of dollars and lived a luxurious life. In that kind
20、of society, money was everything, even the interpersonal relations was measured in monetary. These beautiful young women were treated as playthings, but when they become old, they would be cold-shouldered aside, thus they became the victim of society. Marguerite said: Our lives are no longer our own
21、. We arent human being, but things. We rank first in their pride and last in their good opinion (The Lady of the Camellias, 2005, p.105).This complaint was of blood and tears. This was a tragic to the prostitute, Marguerite, and all the other people from underclass. Thousands of years of traditional
22、 male-dominated society, women had been living in the bottom of society. They did not have the rights to participate in politic. They had no right to be educated, no right to participate in social life, and no ability to determine its own destiny. In this kind of society, men had all the authority o
23、f the position in the political, economic, legal, religious, educational, military, family area and so on.1.2.2 Novels backgroundThe Lady of the Camellias told us a love story between Marguerite Gautier, a prostitute and Armand Duval, a bourgeoisie. Armand fell in love with Marguerite and ultimately
24、 became her lover, convincing her to turn her back on her old life and live with him in the countryside. Then Armands father showed up and ruined their life. Armands father worried that the scandal created by the illicit relationship may destroy his daughters chance of marriage, so he convinced Marg
25、uerite to leave Armand. Nevertheless Armand didnt know the truth. Instead, Armand thought that Marguerite betrayed him. So Armand hurt her feelings in every way he could. Ultimately, Marguerite passed away with her love to Armand. When Armand finally found out the truth, it was already too late. Arm
26、and lived with regret in the rest of his life.The author used the technique of flashback to begin the whole story. Firstly, the novel gave us the death of the heroine, and then it told us the story from the very beginning. In this way, the whole story became more vivid and appealing. With the techni
27、que, the author also created a feeling of suspense and made the story well-structured. In general, the language style of the lady of camellias was quiet natural and realistic. The whole novel had a strong sense of lyric and fluent language.Chapter 2 Overview of Gender theory 2.1 Gender Theory 2.1.1
28、Gender theory in foreign areaSimone de Beauvoir published The Second Sex in the year of 1949. Since then, The Second Sex has been translated into forty languages and has become a landmark in the history of feminism. Simone de Beauvoir (1998) claimed that man fundamentally oppress woman by characteri
29、zing them, on every level. Man occupies the role of the self, or subject and woman is the object, the other. He is essential, absolute, and transcendent. She is inessential, incomplete, and mutilated. He extends out into the world to impose his will on it, whereas woman is doomed to be the immanence
30、, or the inwardness. He creates and invents; she waits for him to save her. This distinction is the basis of all Beauvoirs arguments.2.1.2 Gender theory in China Lin Hong claims (2004) that since the rise of the second wave of feminism in the 1970s, feminist scholars have challenged the existing kno
31、wledge-system. They not only found the womens absence in this system but also saw the patriarchal relation of male-centered culture in the process of knowledge production and the biased and fallacious part of common sense which affected by the male-centered relation. They have done a lot of academic
32、 research. They criticized, deconstructed and reconstructed the male-dominated culture. In short, the Western feminist scholars saw gender as an institution, a power relation. The theory they built up in the process of gender analysis gave us a lot of references.After the founding of the New China,
33、a series of legislation and policies were established to eliminate sex discrimination. From that moment women changed their social status. But the traditional gender culture still had great influence on our modern life. Most time, it performed like a kind thinking mode or an ideology. For example, t
34、he work chance and payment between men and women were unequal, not alone for some policy designed to protect human right. When promoting the policy on equality and human right, we always unconsciously injured womans rights. Scholars could not realize the existing problems so that they always simply
35、thought it was because of the economy. Till now, the research in our country could not resist or fight against the influence of traditional thinking mode of gender theory. 2.2 Male-centered ConsciousnessMale-centered consciousness means that people should center on, emphasize, or be dominated by mal
36、e or masculine interests. It places male human beings and the way they view the world at the center. It indicates that it should be men who control the world. Women could only be on the edge of the society, and they should obey the rule and regulation men made for them. They must be domesticated and
37、 meet mens needs in the way they want. It defines women how they should act in relation to men within a male-dominated society and household. Thus male-centered consciousness could be understood as a mindset on masculinity whereby all things originated. Masculinity is normative and all things outsid
38、e of masculinity are defined as others. Its life patterns and mindsets are claimed general while female ones are considered as deviance.Chapter 3The Domination of Male-centered Consciousness on the Novel3.1The Domination of Male-centered Consciousness on the Heroine3.1.1 Heroines social identity In
39、terms of heroines social identity, Marguerite, as a prostitute, was in the lowest level of the society and was treated unequally. People saw prostitute as a commodity. Prostitutes sold their bodies in exchange for money. The female body could be things to be bought and sold while the dignity of huma
40、n nature was completely lost. Men offered money to buy this kind of service that provided by prostitutes. So we could see that men completely dominated this special trade. Men were superior no matter it was in recognition of psychological, ethical value judgments, or social status. Once you became a
41、 prostitute, the identity became your shame forever. The community saw the male-centered consciousness as the center so it discriminated against prostitute from mens interests. The deprivation of the rights of prostitutes was the inevitable result of the impact of male-centered operation on state po
42、wer. All of these were dominated by male-centered consciousness.Marguerite said, “This love of us, my dearest Armand, is no ordinary love. You love me as though Id never belong to anyone else, and I trembled for fear that with time, regretting that you ever loved me and turning my past into a crime
43、to hold against me, you might force me to resume the life from which you took me. Remember this: now that Ive tasted a new kind of life, I should die if I take up the old one. So tell me youll never live me” (The Lady of the Camellias, 2005, p.123).Alexandre Dumas Fils male-centered consciousness do
44、minated heroines speech and behavior. In authors eyes, womens existence depended on men. Women should behave the way men wanted, do what men wanted them to do, and say what men wanted them to say. In this novel, Marguerite feared that Armand would leave her or Armands love for her would fade away so
45、me day. Deeply in Marguerites heart, she was shamed of what kind of person she was, and what she did for a living. All of these were because of the influence Alexandre Dumas Filss male-centered consciousness. He gave the heroine a kind of identity that the whole society could look down upon her, eve
46、n the heroine herself would be shamed of. Male-centered consciousness affected peoples thoughts and judgments about prostitutes.3.1.2 Heroines characterIn terms of heroines character, Marguerites soul was noble. To some degree, Marguerites normal body hid a soul that can sacrifice and forbear anythi
47、ng for love. Although she was misunderstood or even hated by the one she loved, she just suffered the pain in silence, not arguing a word. This noble soul was typically affected by male-centered consciousness. Men wanted women to sacrifice anything for them, such as life and beauty. Women were not a
48、llowed to have an independent life. Their lives depended on men. Whats more, they could not live without men. Men wanted to be the center and everything of womens lives. Male-centered consciousness gave the heroine a kind of character that would sacrifice everything she had. Male-centered consciousness dominated the heroines character which made the character meet the demand of the man.“By the time you read this, Armand, I shall be another mans mistress. Consequently, all is finished b