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1、Ultrasonic ranging system designPublication title: Sensor Review. Bradford: 1993.Vol. ABSTRACT: Ultrasonic ranging technology has wide using worth in many fields, such as the industrial locale, vehicle navigation and sonar engineering. Now it has been used in level measurement, self-guided autonomou
2、s vehicles, fieldwork robots automotive navigation, air and underwater target detection, identification, location and so on. So there is an important practicing meaning to learn the ranging theory and ways deeply. To improve the precision of the ultrasonic ranging system in hand, satisfy the request
3、 of the engineering personnel for the ranging precision, the bound and the usage, a portable ultrasonic ranging system based on the single chip processor was developed. Keywords: Ultrasound, Ranging System, Single Chip Processor 1. Introductive With the development of science and technology, the imp
4、rovement of peoples standard of living, speeding up the development and construction of the city. Urban drainage system have greatly developed their situation is construction improving. However, due to historical reasons many unpredictable factors in the synthesis of her time, the city drainage syst
5、em. In particular drainage system often lags behind urban construction. Therefore, there are often good building excavation has been building facilities to upgrade the drainage system phenomenon. It brought to the city sewage, and it is clear to the city sewage and drainage culvert in the sewage tre
6、atment system. Comfort is very important to peoples lives. Mobile robots designed to clear the drainage culvert and the automatic control system Free sewage culvert clear guarantee robots, the robot is designed to clear the culvert sewage to the core. Control system is the core component of the deve
7、lopment of ultrasonic range finder. Therefore, it is very important to design a good ultrasonic range finder.2. A principle of ultrasonic distance measurementThe application of AT89C51: SCM is a major piece of computer components are integrated into the chip micro-computer. It is a multi-interface a
8、nd counting on the micro-controller integration, and intelligence products are widely used in industrial automation. and MCS-51 microcontroller is a typical and representative. Microcontrollers are used in a multitude of commercial applications such as modems, motor-control systems, air conditioner
9、control systems, automotive engine and among others. The high processing speed and enhanced peripheral set of these microcontrollers make them suitable for such high-speed event-based applications. However, these critical application domains also require that these microcontrollers are highly reliab
10、le. The high reliability and low market risks can be ensured by a robust testing process and a proper tools environment for the validation of these microcontrollers both at the component and at the system level. Intel Plaform Engineering department developed an object-oriented multi-threaded test en
11、vironment for the validation of its AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers. The goals of this environment was not only to provide a robust testing environment for the AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers, but to develop an environment which can be easily extended and reused for the validation of several
12、 other future microcontrollers. The environment was developed in conjunction with Microsoft Foundation Classes (AT89C51). 1.1 Features * Compatible with MCS-51 Products * 2Kbytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000Write/Erase Cycles * 2.7V to 6V Operating Range * Fully Static operation:
13、0Hz to 24MHz * Two-level program memory lock * 128x8-bit internal RAM * 15programmable I/O lines * Two 16-bit timer/counters * Six interrupt sources *Programmable serial UART channel * Direct LED drive output * On-chip analog comparator * Low power idle and power down modes 1.2 Description The AT89C
14、2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2Kbytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout
15、. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2Kbytes of flash, 128bytes
16、 of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and suppor
17、ts two software selectable power saving modes. The idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power down mode saves the RAM contents but freezer the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardwar
18、e reset. 1.3 Pin Configuration 1.4 Pin Description VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground. Prot 1 Prot 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide internal pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 require external pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (
19、AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip precision analog comparator. The port 1 output buffers can sink 20mA and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are written to port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as input and are externally pulled low, they will source curre
20、nt (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 3 Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bidirectional I/O pins with internal pullups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not accessible as a general purpose I/O pin. The port 3 output buffers can sink 20mA.
21、When 1s are written to port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C2051 as li
22、sted below. 1.5 Programming the Flash The AT89C2051 is shipped with the 2 Kbytes of on-chip PEROM code memory array in the erased state (i.e., contents=FFH) and ready to be programmed. The code memory array is programmed one byte at a time. Once the array is programmed, to re-program any non-blank b
23、yte, the entire memory array needs to be erased electrically. Internal address counter: the AT89C2051 contains an internal PEROM address counter which is always reset to 000H on the rising edge of RST and is advanced applying a positive going pulse to pin XTAL1. Programming algorithm: to program the
24、 AT89C2051, the following sequence is recommended. 1. power-up sequence: Apply power between VCC and GND pins Set RST and XTAL1 to GND With all other pins floating , wait for greater than 10 milliseconds 2. Set pin RST to H set pin P3.2 to H 3. Apply the appropriate combination of H or L logic to pi
25、ns P3.3, P3.4, P3.5, P3.7 to select one of the programming operations shown in the PEROM programming modes table. To program and Verify the Array: 4. Apply data for code byte at location 000H to P1.0 to P1.7.5.Raise RST to 12V to enable programming. 5. Pulse P3.2 once to program a byte in the PEROM
26、array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes 1.2ms. 6. To verify the programmed data, lower RST from 12V to logic H level and set pins P3.3 to P3.7 to the appropriate levels. Output data can be read at the port P1 pins. 7. To program a byte at the next address locat
27、ion, pulse XTAL1 pin once to advance the internal address counter. Apply new data to the port P1 pins. 8. Repeat steps 5 through 8, changing data and advancing the address counter for the entire 2 Kbytes array or until the end of the object file is reached. 9. Power-off sequence: set XTAL1 to L set
28、RST to L Float all other I/O pins Turn VCC power off2.1 The principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic generator Piezoelectric ultrasonic generator is the use of piezoelectric crystal resonators to work. Ultrasonic generator, the internal structure as shown, it has two piezoelectric chip and a resonance
29、plate. When its two plus pulse signal, the frequency equal to the intrinsic piezoelectric oscillation frequency chip, the chip will happen piezoelectric resonance, and promote the development of plate vibration resonance, ultrasound is generated. Conversely, it will be for vibration suppression of p
30、iezoelectric chip, the mechanical energy is converted to electrical signals, then it becomes the ultrasonic receiver.The traditional way to determine the moment of the echos arrival is based on thresholding the received signal with a fixed reference. The threshold is chosen well above the noise leve
31、l, whereas the moment of arrival of an echo is defined as the first moment the echo signal surpasses that threshold. The intensity of an echo reflecting from an object strongly depends on the objects nature, size and distance from the sensor. Further, the time interval from the echos starting point
32、to the moment when it surpasses the threshold changes with the intensity of the echo. As a consequence, a considerable error may occur even two echoes with different intensities arriving exactly at the same time will surpass the threshold at different moments. The stronger one will surpass the thres
33、hold earlier than the weaker, so it will be considered as belonging to a nearer object.2.2 The principle of ultrasonic distance measurementUltrasonic transmitter in a direction to launch ultrasound, in the moment to launch the beginning of time at the same time, the spread of ultrasound in the air,
34、obstacles on his way to return immediately, the ultrasonic reflected wave received by the receiver immediately stop the clock. Ultrasound in the air as the propagation velocity of 340m/s, according to the timer records the time t, we can calculate the distance between the launch distance barrier(s),
35、 that is: s=340t / 23. Ultrasonic Ranging System for the Second Circuit DesignSystem is characterized by single-chip microcomputer to control the use of ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver since the launch from time to time, single-chip selection of 875, economic-to-use, and the chip has
36、4K of ROM, to facilitate programming. 3.1 40 kHz ultrasonic pulse generated with the launchRanging system using the ultrasonic sensor of piezoelectric ceramic sensors UCM40, its operating voltage of the pulse signal is 40kHz, which by the single-chip implementation of the following procedures to gen
37、erate. puzel: mov 14h, # 12h; ultrasonic firing continued 200ms Here: cpl p1.0; output 40kHz square wave nop; nop; nop; djnz 14h, here; retRanging in front of single-chip termination circuit P1.0 input port, single chip implementation of the above procedure, the P1.0 port in a 40kHz pulse output sig
38、nal, after amplification transistor T, the drive to launch the first ultrasonic UCM40T, issued 40kHz ultrasonic pulse, and the continued launch of 200ms. Ranging the right and the left side of the circuit, respectively, then input port P1.1 and P1.2, the working principle and circuit in front of the
39、 same location.3.2 Reception and processing of ultrasonicUsed to receive the first launch of the first pair UCM40R, the ultrasonic pulse modulation signal into an alternating voltage, the op-amp amplification IC1A and after polarization IC1B to IC2. IC2 is locked loop with audio decoder chip LM567,
40、internal voltage-controlled oscillator center frequency of f0=1/1.1R8C3, capacitor C4 determine their target bandwidth. R8-conditioning in the launch of the high jump 8 feet into a low-level, as interrupt request signals to the single-chip processing.Ranging in front of single-chip termination circu
41、it output port INT0 interrupt the highest priority, right or left location of the output circuit with output gate IC3A access INT1 port single-chip, while single-chip P1.3 and P1.4 received input IC3A, interrupted by the process to identify the source of inquiry to deal with, interrupt priority leve
42、l for the first left right after. Part of the source code is as follows: Receivel: push psw push acc clr ex1; related external interrupt 1 jnb p1.1, right; P1.1 pin to 0, ranging from right to interrupt service routine circuit jnb p1.2, left; P1.2 pin to 0, to the left ranging circuit interrupt serv
43、ice routinereturn: SETB EX1; open external interrupt 1 pop acc pop psw reti right: ; right location entrance circuit interrupt service routine Ajmp Returnleft: ; left ranging entrance circuit interrupt service routine Ajmp Return 3.3 The calculation of ultrasonic propagation timeWhen you start firin
44、g at the same time start the single-chip circuitry within the timer T0, the use of timer counting function records the time and the launch of ultrasonic reflected wave received time. When you receive the ultrasonic reflected wave, the receiver circuit output a negative jump in the end of INT0 or INT
45、1 interrupt request generates a signal, single-chip microcomputer in response to external interrupt request, the implementation of the external interrupt service subroutine, read the time difference, calculating the distance. Some of its source code is as follows: RECEIVE0: PUSH PSWPUSH ACCCLR EX0; related external interrupt 0MOV R7, TH0; read the time valueMOV R6, TL0CLR CMOV A, R6SUBB A, #0BBH; calculate the time differenceMOV 31H, A; storage resultsMOV A, R7SUBB A, # 3CHMOV 30H, ASETB EX0; open external interrupt 0POP ACCPOP PSWRETIFor a