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1、Lecture 10 Metadiscourse Metadiscourse Definitions Functions Crismore et al, 1993; Hyland, 1998b, 2000; Vande Kopple, 1985） Metadiscourse 元话语的语篇 2. that metadiscourse refers to aspects of the text that embody writerreader interactions; 3. that metadiscourse refers only to relations which are interna
2、l to the discourse. Metadiscourse 元话语分类- Hylands Model Metadiscourse 元话语分类- Hylands Model Interactive metadiscourse : Transition markers are mainly conjunctions and adverbial phrases which help readers interpret pragmatic connections between steps in an argument. Frame markers signal text boundaries
3、 or elements of schematic text structure. Endophoric markers are expressions which refer to other parts of the text (see Figure 2, refer to the next section, as noted above). Metadiscourse 元话语分类- Hylands Model Interactive metadiscourse : Evidentials are metalinguistic representations of an idea from
4、 another source (Thomas and Hawes, 1994: 129) which guide the readers interpretation and establish an authorial command of the subject. Code glosses supply additional information, by rephrasing, explaining or elaborating what has been said, to ensure the reader is able to recover the writers intende
5、d meaning. Metadiscourse 元话语分类- Hylands Model Interactional metadiscourse : Hedges are devices such as possible, might and perhaps, which indicate the writers decision to recognize alternative voices and viewpoints and so withhold complete commitment to a proposition. Boosters are words such as clea
6、rly, obviously and demonstrate, which allow writers to close down alternatives, head off conflicting views and express their certainty in what they say. Metadiscourse 元话语分类- Hylands Model Interactional metadiscourse : Attitude markers indicate the writers affective, rather than epistemic, attitude t
7、o propositions. Self mention refers to the degree of explicit author presence in the text measured by the frequency of first-person pronouns and possessive adjectives (/, me, mine, exclusive we, our, ours). Engagement markers are devices that explicitly address readers, either to focus their attenti
8、on or include them as discourse participants. Metadiscourse 元话语分类- Hylands Model Now turn to the extracts by Grice and Ritter: What kind of metadiscourse devices are used? What are the differences in the authors preferences? Metadiscourse Metadiscourse & Writing contents 目录 Metadiscourse 元话语与写作 Meta
9、discourse has come to refer to the various ways that these understandings of context and audience are realized in texts, the forms we use to transform what may otherwise be a lifeless text into discourse that meets the needs of participants. As a result, it is a universal aspect of our everyday lang
10、uage, and a major feature of the way we communicate in a range of genres and settings Metadiscourse 元话语与写作 The process of writing is a matter of elaborating text in accord with what the writer can reasonably assume that the reader knows and expects, and the process of reading is a matter of predicti
11、ng text in accord with what the reader assumes about the writers purpose. More fundamentally, each presupposes the sense- making capabilities of the other. As a result, written communication is predicated on what the writer/reader each assumes the other will do/has done. (Nystrand, 1989: 75) Metadiscourse Assignment contents 目录 Metadiscourse 英语新闻中的元话语调查 A Project-based writing assignment: Write a 300-word composition with the title of “The Advantages/Disadvantages of Online Shopping Collect 30 to investigate how EFL learners use metadiscourse strategies in their writings. Metadiscourse