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1、.情态动词 + 完成时的特殊含义情态动词和动词原型连用，多表示对目前或将来情况的看法或态度，但情态动词和完成时连用时，多用来表示对过去情况的看法或态度。1. should+have+ 过去分词 表示过去“本应该”。而实际上该动作并未做，暗示说话人对自己的责备，抱怨或遗憾的意思。We should have cut away the jungle brush.我们本应该把丛林的灌木砍掉。How I regretted the days when I had played and should have studied.我多么懊悔我把本应该好好学习的日子都玩掉了。Shouldn t+have+过去
2、分词表示过去“本不应该”而实际上做了的动作。You shouldn t have told anyone about it.你本来不应该告诉任何人。They shouldn t have left so soon.他们本来不应该去得那么早。2. ought to + have +过去分词表示过去“本应该。”而实际上未做。相当于“should + have过+去分词”You ought to have helped him.你应该帮他一把。You ought to have returned these books to the school library last week.上周你就应该把这
3、些书还给学校图书室。否定形式 oughtn t to + have +过去分词= shouldn t + have +过去分词eg. You oughtn t to have taken his umbrella away.你不该把他的伞拿走。He oughtn t to have been there.他本不应该到那去。3. must + have +过去分词表示对过去情况的推测，译成“一定，相必，可能”。What a challenge I must have been to this young teacher.对这位年轻教师来说，教我这样的学生一定是个巨大的挑战。Since the d
4、itch is full of water, it must have rained last night.因为沟里涨满了水，昨晚一定下雨了。表示对过去情况的否定推测时。 要用“ can t (couldn t) + have过去+分词”，一般不用“mustn t +have + 过去分词”。Joe can t have left. I saw him just now.乔不可能离开，刚才我还看见他了。The party couldn t have been successful as you had hoped.舞会不可能象你希望的那样成功。“ must + have +过去分词”表示对过去
5、情况推测时，反意疑问句用have (has),有明确表示过去时间的状语（ before 除外） 反意疑问句用 did.He must have finished his homework, hasn t he?他准把作业做完了。对吗？He must have attended the meeting yesterday evening, didn t he?他昨晚上肯定参加会议了，是吗？4. may (might) + have +过去分词表示对过去情况的推测。用might + have +过去分词可以用于肯定.句，否定句，但不用于疑问句In return I may have been ab
6、le to teach you a little about medical technique.作为报答，我也许教给了你们一点点医疗技术。Might he have been caught and killed?他有可能被抓住杀掉吗？Might + have +过去分词也能表示对过去的事情的可能性的推测，有“本应该。”，但未实现的动作，含有婉转责备的意思。You might have listened to me while I was talking to you.我对你讲话时，你应该认真听才对。You might have let me know before you went out.
7、外出之前，你应该先告诉我。5. can (could) + have +过去分词表示对过去情况的推测。“can + have过去分+词”一般多用于疑问句和否定句，不用于肯定句。Can he have gone yesterday?难道他昨天就已经走了吗？They can t have lost themselves in the woods, because I drew a map to them.他们不可能在森林中迷路，因为我给他们画了一张画。Bill couldn t have gone home this weekend. I saw him at the school ground
8、this morning.本周末贝尔不可能回家，今天下午我还在学校操场上看见他了。“ Can (could) + have +过去分词”也表示过去“本应该。 。”而未做。John could have read his assignment while he waited for the doctor.约翰在等医生的时候应该看一下他的作业。Mary can t have gone to school. It s Sunday.玛丽不可能去上学，今天是星期天。在表示对过去某事的推测时，可用could/ might / may +完成时。They could/might/may have hear
9、d the news from smith.他们也许从史蜜斯那儿听到了这个消息。6. need + have +过去分词表示过去“没有必要做”，有责备的意思。 否定形式表示“做了本不应该。”的 事Need you have watched TV last night?你昨晚有必要看电视吗？You needn t have woken me up so early. It s Sunday today.你没有必要这么早就叫醒我，（因为）今天是星期天。7. would + have +过去分词表示“本应该。 。”，而未。We would have argued with you.我们当时应该与你们争辩一下。另外： would like to have +过去分词表示过去希望做。，但未。I would like to have seen the film.我希望我当时看了这部电影。I would like to have met her.