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1、_高中英语被动语态讲解一、被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式1) 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词 be过去分词。例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语， 另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother
2、 for his birthday.3) 当“动词 +宾语 +宾语补足语 ”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改为 The boy was caughtsmoking a cigarette.4）在使役动词 have, make, get 以及感官动词 see, watch, notice,hear, feel,observe 等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to 要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to 。例 Someone saw a stranger walk int
3、o the building.可改为 A stranger wasseen to walk into the building.5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如 “动词介词 ”，“动词副词 ”等，也可以用于被动结构， 但要把它们看作一个整体， 不能分开。 其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3.非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing形式及不定式 to do也有被动语态 ( 一般时态和完成时态 )。例 I dont like being laughed at in the public.三、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意
4、义1. 英语中有很多动词如break ，catch ，clean ，drive ，lock ，open，sell ，read ，write ，wash 等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义 , 主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较： The door wont lock （指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门 ,指“门没有锁 ”是人的原因）2.表示 “发生、进行 ”的不及物动词和短语， 如：
5、happen, last,take place,breakout, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3.系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound,taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例 Your reason sounds reasonable.精品资料_四、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式
6、的主动形式表被动意义。1 在 need，want，require,bear 等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 The house needs repairing（ to berepaired ）这房子需要修理。2 形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义， 但不能跟动词不定式；而 worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例 The picture-book is well worth reading （ The picture-book is very worthy to be read ）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名
7、词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系 , 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do与 things是动宾关系，与 I 是主谓关系。 )试比较： I llgo to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明 you 不是 post 动作的执行者。 )4. 在某些 “形容词不定式 ”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时， 这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意
8、义。 这些形容词有 nice ， easy， fit ，hard ， difficult ，important ，impossible ，pleasant ， interesting 等。例 This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作 to work out省略了 forme）.5 在 too to 结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例 This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.6. 在 there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动
9、形式作定语，重点在物。例 There is no time to lose （to be lost ）（用 tolose 可看成 forus to lose ；用 to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）7.在 be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而 ,由于古英语的影响 , 下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?五、介词 in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义， 其意义相
10、当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1.“under + 名词 ”结构，表示 “某事在进行中 ”。常见的有： under control（受控制）, under treatment （在治疗中） , under repair （在修理中） , under discussion（在讨论中） , under construction（在施工中）。例 The building is under construction( is being constructed).2“beyond+名词 ”结构， “出乎 胜过 、范围、限度 ”。常见的有： beyond belief ( 令人难以置信
11、 ) ， beyond ones reach （鞭长莫及），beyond ones control （无法控制），beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及 。例 The rumour is beyond belief（=cantbe believed）3. “above+名词 ”结构 , 表示 “(品质、行为、能力等 ) 超过 、高于 ”。精品资料_例 His honest character is above all praise =His honest charactercannot be praised enough4“for+ 名词 ”结构，表示“适于 、 为着 ”。如： f
12、orsale( 出售 ),forrent （出租）等。例 That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).5“in+ 名词 ”结构 ，表示 “在 过程中或范围内 ”常见的有： in print （在印刷中），in sight( 在视野范围内 ) ，等。例 The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed)6“on+名词 ”结构 , 表示 “在从事 中”。常见的有： on sale( 出售 ) ，on show （展出） , on trial （受审）。例 Today some treasu
13、res are on show in the museum (= are being showed).7“out of+ 名词 ”结构 ； 表示 “超出 之外 “，常见的有： out of control ( 控制不了 ) ，out of sight （超出视线之外），out of ones reach( 够不着 ), out of fashion( 不流行 ) 等。例 The plane was out of control (cantbe controlled) 。8“within+ 名词 ”结构， “在 内、不超过 ”。例 He took two days off within the
14、teachers permission六、被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词 ”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时， be 后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：1如果强调动作或句中有介词by 引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例 The glass is broken （系表结构）The glass was broken by the boy （被动语态）2如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。例 The door is locked （系表结构）The door hasalready/just b
15、een locked（被动语态）3被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词 be 只有一般时态和完成时态。例 The machine is being repaired七、被动语态与高考试题赏析1 高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析1). In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. (NMET1993)A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served解析 B 因为 serve 是及物动词，其动作承受者 tea 作主语，表示经常发生的情况，故用一般现在时
16、的被动语态。2). This is Teds phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a childin the earthquake.(NMET2002)A. killed B. is killedC. was killed D. was killing解析 C Ted 是 kill的承受者，用被动语态，且Ted 救人发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。3). - Have you moved into the new house?- Not yet, the rooms _. (NMET1991) A. are being paint
17、ed B. are精品资料_paintingC. are painted D. are being painting解析 A “house”和 “paint ”应该是被动的关系，排除 B， D。后者未搬进新居的原因是房子正在油漆， 所以要用现在进行时的被动语态。 不能用一般现在时表示习惯性动作，排除 C。4). Whenand where to go forthe on-salaryholiday_ yet.（上海春 2003）A. are not decided B. have not been decidedC. is not being decided D. has not been d
18、ecided解析 D decide是及物动词，动作的发出者通常是人，句中的主语是动作的承受者，所以 decide 要用被动语态。从题干的语境和关键词yet ，可判断用现在完成时，不定式做主语用单数，故用现在完成时的被动语态。5). The manager entered the officeand was happy to learn thatfour-fifthsof the tickets _.（上海春 2001）A. was booked B. had been bookedC. were booked D. have been booked解析 B 句中 tickets是 book(
19、订票 ) 的承受者，主谓为被动关系，又因票已被订出应发生在 entered the office 这个过去动作之前，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态。2高考对非谓语动词语态的考查当非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者时 , 须用被动式。弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的执行与承受关系是掌握非谓语动词语态的关键。1). Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. (NMET2002)A. to see B. to be seenC. seei
20、ng D. seen解析 B 根据题意，那对老夫妇是否到国外旅行是将来的动作，应使用不定式，故排除掉 C、D 两项；又因 remains 的逻辑主语 it 是动词 see 说表示动作的承受者，即 “到国外旅行 ”这件事，这件事有待于 “被决定 ”，应使用动词不定式的被动形式。2).While shopping,people sometimes cant help _ intobuying somethingthey don treally need.（上海 1996）A. to persuaded B. persuadingC. being persuaded D. be persuaded解
21、析 C can thelp doing“禁不住做某事 ”，排除 A 和 D；顾客应是 “被劝说 ”购物的，要用动名词的被动语态。3）. I feelitisyour husband who _ for the spoiledchild.（上海 2002）A. is to blame B. is going to blameC. is to be blamed D. should blame解析 A feel的宾语从句为强调句型，在be to do 结构中，在某些场合可用不定式的主动语态表示被动语态，如to blame ， to let等。【强化训练】1. Ifcitynoises _ from
22、 increasing， people _ shout to be heard evenat dinnerA are not kept； will have toB are not kept； have精品资料_C do not keep；will have toD do not keep；have to2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are_and perfected now. A. developedB. have developedC. are being developedD. will
23、have been developed3. - _ the sports meet might be put off- Yes ， it all depends on the weatherA Ive been told B Ive toldC Im told D I told4. I need one more stamp before my collection _. A. has completed B. completesC. has been completed D. is completed5. Rainforests _ and burned at such a speed th
24、at they will disappearfrom the earth in the near future.A. cut B. are cutC. are being cut D. had been cut6. The new suspension bridge _ by the end of last month. A. has been designedB. had been designed C. was designedD. would be designed7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if
25、 it _. A. breaks B. has brokenC. was broken D. had been broken8. Great changes _ in the city, and a lot of factories _.A. have been taken place; have been set upB. have taken place; have been set upC. have taken place; have set upD. were taken place; were set up9. That suit _ over 60 dollars.A. had
26、costed B. costed C. is costed D. cost10. - Look! Everything here is under construction.- What s the pretty small house that _ for? A. is being built B. has been builtC. is built D. is building11.- Do you like the material?- Yes, it _ very soft. A. is feeling B. feltC. feels D. is felt12. It is diffi
27、cult for a foreigner _ ChineseA write B to write精品资料_C to be written D written13. I have no more letters _，thank you A to type B typingC to be typed D typed14. Take care! Dontdrop the ink on your shirt, for it _ easily.A. won twash out B. wontbe washed outC. isn twashed out D. isntwashing out15. Nob
28、ody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to _.A. be put up B. give inC. be turned on D. go out16. The computers on the table _ Professor Smith. A. belongs B. are belonged toC. belongs to D. belong to17. - What do you think of the book?-Oh, excellent. Its worth _ a second
29、 time.A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read18. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _. A. catching B. to becaughtC. being caught D. to catch19. This page needed _ again.A. being checked B. checkedC. to check D. to be checked20. _ many times, the boy still didntknow how to do the exercisesA. Having taught B. Having been taughtC. taught D. Teachingkey 1-5 ACADC 6-10 BCBDA11-15 CBCAD 16-20 DCCDB精品资料