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1、语法复习五：强调句、It 的用法、省略和插入语一、强调句（一）强调句句型1、陈述句的强调句型：Itis/was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。e.g. It wasyesterday that he met Li Ping.2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到 it前面。e.g. Was ityesterday that he met Li Ping?3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分 （通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/was + it+ that/who + 其它部分？e.g.When and wh
2、ere was it that you were born?4、强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。强调主语： It wasIthat (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.强调宾语： It wasLi Mingthat I met at the railway station yesterday.强调地点状语：It wasat the railwaystationthat I met Li Ming yesterday.强调时间状语：It w
3、asyesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.5、注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that,who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that,who 不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was ，其余的时态用It is 。（二） not until 句型的强调句1、句型为： It is/ was not until +被强调部分+ that +其它部分e.g.普通句： He didn t go to bed until/
4、 till his wife came back.强调句： It wasnot until his wife came backthat he went to bed.2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。（三）谓语动词的强调1、It is/ was that 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或 did 。e.g.Do sit down.务必请坐。He did write to you last week
5、.上周他确实给你写了信。Do be careful when you cross the street.过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！2、注意：此种强调只用 do/ does 和 did ，没有别的形式；过去时用 did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。用心爱心专心27二、 It的用法（一）作人称代词1、 it代替前面（或后面）的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。e.g. You cannot eat your cake but have it.（ it代替前面的cake ）Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us.（ it代替后面的ai
6、r ）They say he has left town, but I dont believe it.（ it代替前面Theytown分句中的情况）2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。e.g. Yesterday we saw a big tree. It was fully twenty metres high.（ it代替前面的 tree ）The baby cried because it was hungry.（ it代替前面的baby）3、在某些习惯说法中，可以代替人。e.g. - Someone is knocking at the door, Peter.-
7、Who is it?-It s me.- Who are singing?- It is the children.-The lightisstillon in the lab.Itmust be the third-yearstudentsdoingthe experiment.4、 it与 one 的区别：这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词，但it用于同名同物的场合；one 则用于同名异物的场合。e.g. - Do you still have the bicycle?- No, I have soldit .- Is this knife yours?-No. It is Xiao Zha
8、ngs. Mine is theoneon the desk.5、 it与 that的区别：两词都可代替某一特定名词，但that指同一类，并非同一个。e.g. The climate of South China is mild（温和的） ; I likeitvery much.（ it指 theclimate of South China）The climateof South China is much betterthan that of Japan.（ that指 the climate）（二）作无人称代词it作无人称代词时，除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外，另一个特点是它后面的内容都是
9、表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。It is fine (rainy, windy, etc.).It is noon.It is a half hours walk to the factory.It is eighteen square metres in area.What does it matter?用心爱心专心28（三）作强调词，构成强调结构用以帮助改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分受到强调。“ Itis (was) + 所强调的成分+ that(who) +其它成分。”在这个句型中，it本身没有词义。详见“一、强调句”。（四）引导词it作形式主语（宾语）为了使句子平衡，常采用形式
10、主语（或宾语）it ，而把真正的主语（或宾语）置于句子后面。通常引导词 it与它所代替的句子成分中间要夹有某些词。e.g. It takes half an hour to go there on foot.（ It与 to go there on foot之间夹有 takes half an hour四个词）We thought it strange that Mr Smith did not come last night.（ it与 that 从句中间夹有 strange）但有时 it 与所替代部分之间并不夹有其它词。e.g. You may depend on it that they
11、 will support you.（因为介词 on 之后一般不直接接 that引导的宾语从句。注意：it 不是多余的，不能当作错句）练习一、强调句、 It 的用法1. My bike is missing. I cant find _ anywhere.A. oneB. onesC. itD. that2.-Whos that?- _ Professor Li.A. That sB. ItsC. He sD. This s3._ was Jane that I saw in the library this morning.A. ItB. HeC. SheD. That4.- Have yo
12、u ever seen a whale alive?- Yes, I ve seen _ .A. thatB. itC. suchD. one5.The color of my coat is different from _ of yours.A. thisB. thatC. itD. one6._ will do you good to do some exercise every morning.A. ItB. ThereC. ThoseD. You7.We think _ our duty to pay taxes to our government.A. thatB. thisC.
13、itsD. it8.The climate of Shanghai is better than _ of Nanjing.A. thatB. itC. whichD. what9._ four years since I joined the Army.A. There wasB. There isC. It wasD. It is10. How long _ to finish the work?A. you ll takeB. you ll take itC. will it take you D. will take you11. It was through Xiao Li _ I
14、got to know Xiao Wang.用心爱心专心29A. whoB. whomC. howD. that12.It was in the rice fields _ we had our league meeting.A. whereB. thatC. in whichD. on which13.It was on October 1st _ new China was founded.A. whichB. whenC. asD. that14.Was it because he was ill _ he asked for leave?A. andB. thatC. that sD.
15、 so15.Mary speaks in a low voice; _ is difficult to know what she is saying.A. itB. thatC. soD. she16.It was _ I met Mr Green in Shanghai.A. many years thatB. many years beforeC. many years ago thatD. manyyears when17._ is not everybody _ can draw so well.A. It, allB. It, thatC. There, whoD. There,
16、that18.So _ that no fish can live in it.A. shallow is the lakeB. the lake is shallowC. shallow the lake isD.isthe lake shallow三、省略为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：（一）简单句中的省略1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.（括号内为省略的词语，下同）(I) see you tomorrow.(It) Doesnt matter.2、省略
17、主谓语或主谓语的一部分。e.g. (There is) No smoking. (Is there) Anything wrong?Why (doyou)notsayhello to him?3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to 。e.g. - Are you going there?-I d liketo (go there).He did not give me the chance, though he had promisedto (give me the chance).注意：如果该宾语是be 动词或完成时态，则须在to 之后加上be 或 have。e.g. - Are you a
18、n engineer?- No, but I want to be.-He hasnt finished the task yet.- Well, he ought to have.4、省略表语。e.g. - Are you thirsty?- Yes, I am (thirsty).用心爱心专心305、同时省略几个成分。e.g. Lets meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.- Have you finished your work?- (I have) Not (finished mywork) yet.（二）并列句中的省略两个并列分句
19、中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.（三）主从复合句中的省略1、主句中有一些成分被省略。e.g. (Im) Sorry to hear that you are ill.(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so 或 not （切不可用it或 that ）代替。e.g.
20、- Is he coming back tonight?- I thinkso.- Is he feeling better today?-I m afraidnot .这种用法常见的有 ：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so及 I supposenot. I believed not. I hope not等。（但 I don t think so比 I think not更常用）。（四）其它省略1、连词 that的省略：、宾语从句中常省略连词that ，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。、在定语从句中，tha
21、t在从句中作宾语时可省略。、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词 that 一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。2、不定式符号 to 的省略、并列的不定式可省去后面的to 。e.g. I told him to sit down andwait fora moment.、某些使役动词（如let,make, have ）及感官动词 （如 see, watch,notice,hear,feel,look at和 listen to等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to ，但在被动语态中须把to 复原。e.g. - I saw the boyfallfrom the tree.-The boy wa
22、s seen to fallfromthe tree.、介词but 前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to 。e.g. The boydidnothing butplay .3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语+ be ”部分。（参看“状语从句”有关部分）4、连词 if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分）用心爱心专心315、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).四、插入语英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或者句子，用来补充某些含义
23、。语法上称他们为“插入语” 。（一）插入语的类型：1、单词（多是副词） ，如： besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。e.g. She is looking fit,though . 他看起来倒是健康。I can,however, discuss this when I see you.2、短语e.g. China and India,for example , are neighbours.By the way , where are you from?3、句子e.g. He is an honest man, I believe.J
24、ack, as far as I know, isnt clever.（二）插入语的位置通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。但有时，也可位于句首或句末（见上面例句）。也有时，并不用逗号隔开。e.g. You know thatI thinkyou are wrong.我认为，你明白你错了。What on earthdo you mean?你究竟是什么意思？（三）插入语在句中的作用一般来说， 插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。e.g. He got the news fromnobody knows where.他这消息谁也
25、不知道是从哪儿得来的。（四）插入语的特殊用法下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句，也可认为包含有“插入语” 。这种疑问句（有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句” ）常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say, suppose, guess,believe,consider, think, imagine等。e.g. How longdid you sayshe would stay here?When do you supposethey ll be back?How olddid you thinkshe was（五）大纲中
26、要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语by the way 顺便说，顺便问一下；so far到目前为止；and so on 等等； on the contrary相反； no wonder 不足为奇； as a matterof fact事实上； come along快点，来吧；in other用心爱心专心32words换句话说； as usual如同以往； as a result因此，结果。练习二、省略和插入语1.-Wont you have another try?- _.A. Yes, I willB. Yes,I won tC. Yes, I will haveD. Yes, I wonthav
27、e2.-I won t do it any more.- _?A. Why don tB. Why don t do it any moreC. Why notD.Whynot do3.- Do you think it will snow tomorrow?- _.A. No, I don t thinkB. I dont thinkC. No, I dont soD.Idont think so4.- Will he fail in the exam?- _.A. Don t hope toB. Let s hope notC. Not hope soD.Let shopenot to5.
28、_ usual, I have forgotten something.A. AsB. As it isC. ItsD. That is6._ she a man, she might be elected president.A. IfB. UnlessC. WasD. Were7._ I had time, I would have played it again.A. IfB. UnlessC. HadD. When8._ it rain tomorrow, Id stay at home.A. ShouldB. WouldC. WhenD. If9.I like sports and
29、_ my brother.A. soB. so doesC. so isD. so likes10. Francis, _ born in Kentucky, lived and practised law in Missouri.A. wasB. He wasC. who isD. although11. -Arent you the manager?- No, and I _.A. don t wantB. don t want toC. don t want to beD. don t12. - Have you fed the dog?- No, but _.A. I amB. I m
30、 just going toC. ImD. Im just going13. Your performance in the driving test didnt reach the required standard（标准） _, you failed.A. in the endB. after allC. in other wordsD. at the same time14. How long _ she would stay here?A. did she sayB. she saidC. didD. /用心爱心专心3315. _ could do such thing?A. Whom
31、 do you thinkB. Who do you think C. Do you think whomD.Didyouthink who练习三、综合训练1.John was ill. Have you heard about _?A. thisB. heC. itD. the one2.Hurry up! _ getting darker and darker.A. The sky isB. ItsC. Weather isD. Time is3.It s the third time _ Ihave been here.A. thatB. whenC. afterD. who4.It w
32、as simply for that reason _ I wouldnt tell him the truth.A. whyB. whichC. soD. that5.Was it in the place _ the last emperor died?A. whereB. thatC. whichD. in which6._ is no difference between A and B.A. ItB. WhereC. ThereD. What7.It _ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago.A. wasB. we
33、reC. areD. had been8.He said, “ _ a long way to school. _ a long way to go yetbefore we arrive.”A. It is, It isB. There is, There isC. There is, It isD.Itis,There is9.I don t like _ you speak to her.A. the wayB. the way in thatC. the way whichD.thewayofwhich10. If you go to Xian, you ll find the pal
34、acesthere more magnificent than commonly_.A. supposingB. supposeC. to supposeD. supposed11. _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. ThereB. ThisC. ThatD. It12. It was about 600 years ago _ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.A. thatB. untilC. befo
35、reD. when13.It was not until 1920 _ regular radio broadcast began.A. whileB. whichC. thatD. since14.- Do you mind my taking this seat?- _.A. Yes, sit down用心爱心专心34pleaseB. No, of course notC. Yes, take it pleaseD.No,you can t take it15. -I ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after m
36、y cat?- Not at all. _.A. I ve no timeB. I d rather notC. I d like itD. I d be happy to16.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not toB. not to doC. not do itD. do not to17.It was not until she came to see us _ her mother was ill in bed.A. when we knew B. that
37、 did we knewC. that we knew D. that did we know18.- This store has such high prices.- I agree. Never again _here.A. I will shopB. will I shopC. I do shopD. shop I19._ was his kindness that everyone praised him.A. ItB. WhatC. SoD. Such20. _, he would have passed the exam.A. If he were to study B. If
38、he studied hard C. Had he studied hard D. Should he study hard21. - David has made great progress recently.- _, and _.A. So hehas, so have youB. So he has, so you haveC. So has he, so have youD. So has he, so you have22. No sooner _ they rushed out into the street.A. did they hear the newsthanB.did they hearthe news when C. hadthey heard the newsthan D. had theyheard thenews when23. He was unable to make such progress, _.A. hard as he triedB. as hard he triedC. hard he has triedD.tried hard as he语法复习五：强调句、It的用法、省略和插入语练习一、