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1、非谓语动词之过去分词1.概述分词的定义:动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。过去分词构成规则在动词后加-ed wantanswerwantedanswered以字母e 结尾的动词，只+dmovediemoved died“ 辅音字母+y ” ，变y 为i, 再+ed carrycrycarriedcried重读闭音节以一个辅音字母结尾的，双写+ed stopplanstoppedplanned不规则动词的变化参照不规则动词变化表2. 过去分词的语法作用： 过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。1）
2、过去分词作表语1. 过去分词用作表语时，通常说明主语的心理感觉或所处的状态等。例如：I noticed the doors and windows were locked when I came to see him.She seemed terribly shocked upon hearing the sad news.Dont touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那个杯子，它是坏的。He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。2. 当过去分词与be连用时，要注意区分
3、是“系表结构”还是“被动语态”。过去分词在“系表结构”中表示状态，在“被动语态”中表示动作。例如：The lake is surrounded by grass. （状态）The lake will soon be surrounded by tall trees. （动作）The window is broken. （状态）The window was broken by Tom. （动作）2) 过去分词做定语作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成.1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常
4、置于其所修饰的名词之前. We need more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多合格的教师。We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中. The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么
5、活动吗？3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.3）过去分词作状语 表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念.Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. Accepted by the P
6、arty, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other. Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle. 表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词。Given another chanc
7、e, he will do better.再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.If heated, water can be turned into steam.水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。Laughed
8、at by many people, he continued his study. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。表方式或伴随情况。The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 注意： 1.过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作. (1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好. 【解析】written 为过
9、去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写. 值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音. 2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,
10、此时应注意人称一致. (1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem. 再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题.(given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I ,即 I 被再给一个小时.) (2)Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us. 从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.(seen 为过去分词作状语,表被看,由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是我们,因为我们应主动看城市.) 【注意】如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主
11、语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构. (1) The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了.(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语. (2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.(her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.) 3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句. (1) Caught in a he
12、avy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了. caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain. (2)Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil. 【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时
13、有时还可保留连词,构成连词+过去分词结构作状语. When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定. 4. 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开. He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶.4）过去分词作宾语补足语 (一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类: 1. 表
14、示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等. I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌.(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard;) He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大.(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found) 2. 表示致使意义的动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等. (1) Ill have m
15、y hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发. (2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了. (3) Dont leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完. 3. 表示思维活动的动词如consider， know， think等后。如： (1) I consider the matter settled. 我认为这件事解决了。 (2) I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 我认为自己在这场交易中有受愚弄了。4. 表示爱憎意愿的动词如want
16、， wish， like， hate等后。如： (1) I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要预定两张机票。 (2) He didnt wish it mentioned. 他不愿这事被提起。【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系. (二)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况. 1. 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成. He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了.(被别人偷去了) 2. 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如: He had his leg broken.他的腿断了. (自己的经历) 补充讲解：分词作状语时
17、，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语相一致。分词与主语之间如果是主动关系，就用现在分词；如果是被动关系，则用过去分词。例如：主动时态被动时态一般时态doing Done（被动的动作）进行时态doingbeing done（正在进行的被动动作）完成时态having donedone/having been done（已经完成的被动动作）Hearing the good news，we couldnt help jumping with joy（When we heard the good news，we couldnt help jumping with joy） Seen from the hills，
18、the West Lake is very beautiful（The West Lake is very beautiful when it is seen from the hills）5）with +宾语+过去分词的结构 此结构中,过去分词用作介词 with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件,原因等状语. (1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式) (2) With water heated, we can see the ste
19、am. 水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件) (3) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因) (4)She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注视着他. (5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿.3. 补充讲解知识点1）过去分词和ing分词作表语的区别：过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而-ing分词作表语
20、多表示主语所具有的特征如：Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. The news is very surprising. 这个消息很令人惊讶。They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears.英语中这样的分词还有很多，如：amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disapp
21、ointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等。2).过去分词和ing分词作定语的区别：过去分词作定语和-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。比较下面几组短语：boiled water开水 boiling water正沸腾的水developed countries发展的国家 de
22、veloping countries发展中国家fallen leaves落叶 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子changed condition改变了的情况 changing condition变化着的情况过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作；而-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。3)用分词短语作状语时，还应注意在句子主语和分词短语之间不能使用并列连词。如： 误Not knowing what to do，so she asked her friends for advice 正Not knowing what to do，she asked her friends
23、 for advice 4)如果分词的逻辑主语和主句的主语不是同一个人或物时，就要用从句或独立主格结构代替分词短语作状语。如： As it was Sunday，the streets were especially crowded 或：It being Sunday，the streets were especially crowded 5)还要注意某些现在分词可用来表示说话人对所说的话所持的看法或态度，它们已变成固定词组，在句中作独立成分，与句子主语无关。这类现在分词常见的有： generally speaking（一般地说），strictly speaking（严格地说），judging
24、 from by（从来判断），talking of（说到），considering（考虑到），supposing（假定）等。如： Generally speaking，it is not easy for a foreigner to learn Chinese well in a short time Considering everything，it wasnt a bad holiday6)动词have后所接的三种宾语补语：have somebody/something do something 不定式作补语必须省去to, 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。如：I had the
25、workers do the job for me. 我让工人们替我完成了工作。Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。have somebody /something doing something -ing分词作补语，分词动作也由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或正在进行。如：They had the tractor working all the time. 他们让拖拉机一直工作着。We wont have the child talking to his mother like that.我们不
26、能让那孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。have somebody/something done 过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如：He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。三、课后作业：1. Mr. Smith, _ of the _ speech, started to read a novel.A. tir
27、ed; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring2. On getting to the kindergarten, the mother was glad to see her baby well _.A. looked for B. cared for C. take care of D. cared after3. The two old sisters, _ so long, held each other and burst into tears.A. being separated B. having bee
28、n separatedC. having separated D. had been separated4. Lets have a rest. The _ work made me very _.A. tired; tired B. tiring; tiring C. tired; tiring D. tiring; tired5. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone _ to the system, so does the value of a computer system incr
29、ease with each program that turns out.A. adding B. to have added C. to add D. added6. As we all know, newspapers, magazines and radios as well as television broadcasts can keep us _ about what is happening in the world.A. informing B. to inform C. informed D. being informed7. Everyone was _ by his _
30、 progress which he made during the two months.A. surprised; surprise B. surprised; surprisedC. surprised; surprising D. surprising; surprising8. When he turned around, he found a pair of eyes _ him.A. looking B. watch at C. fixing on D. staring at9. The film you saw last light was made _ on a true s
31、tory that happened many years ago. A. base B. to be based C. based D. basing10. After _ his work, the teacher came to help me with my English.A. finished B. being finished C. having finished D. be finishing11. Follow the directions on the bottle carefully when _the medicine.A. you will take B. takin
32、g C. to take D. taken12. The students, _ their teachers, came home.A. followed B. follow C. following D. will follow 13.The long-lasting war, filled with blood and deaths, ended in peoples sadness, _no result. A. reached B. to reach C. would reach D. reaching14. They spent the night _ in the room.A.
33、 having locked B. locking C. to be locked D. locked15. He wrote a letter to the king _.A. hoping to be set freeB. to set him freeC. so that be set freeD. asked to be set free16. Steven has devoted all his life to _ films, and Kate, his wife, is also _ to the duty of her profession.A. make; devotedB.
34、 making; devoting C. making; devoted D. make; devoting17. _ in the dark, his head hit against a tree.A. Walking B. He was walking C. Walked D. When he was walking18. Time should be made good use _ our lessons well.A. of learning B. to learn C. to learning D. of to learn19. The film, _ true story of
35、this Red Army general, attracted peoples interest all over the country.A. is based on B. is on the base ofC. which is the base of D. based upon20. She returned home from the market only to find the door open and a number of things_.A. stole B. missing C. missed D. losing21. _ it rains, we will stay
36、at home.A. Supposed B. Supposing C. To suppose D. If suppose22. _ with yours, our library is _ too small a size.A. Comparing; in B. Comparing; of C. Compared; inD. Compared; of23. Its dangerous to carry a hot pan with _ oil.A. burning B. burnt C. burn D. burns24. We were told that the stone figure _
37、 back to the 16th century was of great value.A. dated B. dating C. coming D. kept25. The boy lay on his back, his teeth _ and his glaring eyes _ straight upwards.A. set; looked B. set; looking C. setting; looked D. setting; looking26. _ in the forest, he had to ask for help by sending out signals.A.
38、 Having lost B. Losing C. Lost D. He was lost27. The Golden Gate Bridge, _ several hundred years ago, is worldwide famous.A. which is built B. which built C. having built D. built28. I suggested the cheat _ into prison.A. referred to being put B. referred be putC. referred should be put D. referred
39、to be put29. _, I went out for a walk.A. There was nothing to do B. There being nothing to doC. There had nothing to do D. Had nothing to do30. He returned home to learn that the girl _ had been married the secretary village.A. became engaged to him B. was engaged to himC. engaged to him before D. g
40、ot engaged to him31. _ at failing in the maths exam, John wouldnt like to talk about it to his parents.A. DisappointedB. To be disappointed C. Disappointing D. Having disappointed32. _ in the dark cave, he was not afraid of being found by _ enemy soldiers.A. Hidden; armed B. Hide; armed C. hidden; a
41、rm D. Hiding; armed33. To have the wonderful cloth _ new clothes, they had the machine _ all day long.A. made of; running B. made of; run C. made into; working D. made into; work34. The World Trade Organization finally opened its door to China on November 10, _ our Chinese 15- year wait. A. to end B
42、. ended C. ending D. ends35. If _ in wet sand, the vegetables can_ fresh for a long time.A. being buried; remain B. buried; remainC. buried; be remained D. burying; remain36. _ over and over again, but he still couldnt understand.A. Having explainedB. having been explained C. Explaining D. It had be
43、en explained37. Everything _, the plan is fairly practical, you can put it into practice.A. considering B. taken into consideration C. to consider D. taking into consideration38. _ from the moon, our earth, with water _ seventy percent of its surface, appears as a “ blue ball”.A. Seen; covered B. se
44、eing; covering C. Seen; covering D. To see; to cover39. A great big fellow, _around 250 pounds, walked with slow heavy noisy footsteps up to the producer counter in the supermarket.A. weighed B. weighing C. weighs D. weighty40. - The plan _ is of great importance to everybody. - I see. He is sure to finish it on time.A. made B.