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1、研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,1,Part Composing Peerless Paragraph,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,2,Chapter Four Essential Qualities of Paragraphs： (5 elements / qualities) Chapter Five Developing Effective Paragraphs,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,3,Presentations: outline all key points： explain with examples Listeners: take no
2、tes for questions,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,4,Anything new to you in this part ? -thought / thinking patterns （ 思维 模式） of Chinese / English （ P119, 思维 模式）,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,5,English pattern: linear deductive (演绎推理） direct /open,Chinese/oriental pattern circular / spiral inductive ( 归纳推理） indirect,研究生
3、英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,6,My View on University Ranking Many people dispute whether it is necessary. I think it is unnecessary because it mislead some candidates for college entrance examination. UR is a double-edged sword. Some people think UR is good,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,7,which one is better ? none is
4、better than the other, culturallybased what is our learning task here ? do the writing learnt here: English , international. Pattern : linear English form - content ( English thinking pattern ) English form -x- Chinese thought pattern : 1. no main idea until the end of the essay, even none 2. not re
5、levant 3. not clearly arranged Modern Chinese thought - assimilation同化/ globalization - English /international thought pattern,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,8,thought / thinking patterns of English（ 思维 模式） - text / discourse structure of an essay ( 篇章结构） 3 parts in an essay : I. Introduction. : thesis/ min i
6、dea / writers view II. Body/ Development.: support for ones view ( 10means of dev., book1) III. Conclusion.: emphasis / repetition , new message 5 elements / qualities in a paragraph : a. TS/DS/CS: S. functions b. Unity / Coherence :,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,9,My View on Uni. Ranking Outline ?,Outline I
7、 1(Int.). :the phenomenon/ situation of Uni. ranking 2( Body/Dev.). : different views on ranking 3. (Con.): my view,Outline II 1( ). the phenomenon/ situation of Uni. ranking 2( ). my view on ranking 3( ). con.,Outline III. 1( ). My View 2( ). Different views from different people: 3( ). Ending,Outl
8、ine IV. 1( ). My View 2( ). The reasons for my view 3( ). Emphasis / new message( tips),Outline V. 1( ). My View 2( ). The reasons for my view 3( ). My view,English Pattern： deductive 演绎型,X,X,X,v,With English thinking pattern / fluent expressions, it is likely to meet the needs of international writ
9、ing in structure / organization - be published!,Chinese Pattern： inductive 归纳型,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,10,My View on Uni. Ranking Detailed Outline : 1. Int. a. situation / definition of UR b. my view : affirmative 2.Dev. Reasons for my view : a. for students to select uni. b. for uni. to enroll student
10、s c. for companies to employ workers 3. Con. a. summary b. new message : - sample from a student,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,11,Sample 2: My View on Uni. Ranking Outline I. My view on Uni. Ranking ( it is good) II. Different opinions and reasons III. It is right if students benefit from ranking People obta
11、in lots of information on UR in many ways these years. Many students focus on ranking. In my opinion, UR is good for some people but it also has some disadvantage. We must use it in a proper way. More and more people talk about UR. It is easy to get views in the internet. Some people supportothers o
12、ppose it. In conclusion , UR can help students in some ways, but it has some disadvantage such as not accurate. I think it is great only if students can benefit from UR.,Logical ?,Pros and cons !,What is important is we must use it in a proper way.,Con: summary and tips / suggestions,研究生英语写作1-Chapte
13、r-4和5,12,From peer review: True or false ? Ranking is a means / mean of . As we know/known, They have attitudes about / to ranking. It is benefit to students. It is of benefit to sb. Unclear expressions: . The university ranking is the manifestation of social progress. Government education, social e
14、valuation and university self-evaluation supervise the higher education development. Regardless of which kind of ranking standard, the top 10 even 15 are that few schools. That is to say,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,13,Try to avoid negative transfer from mother tongue( 母语负迁移） (CET4/6 , partly) The tests fro
15、m native countries of English, TOEFL GRE.,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,14,Topic 1: Do you agree or disagree on the following statement that Parents are the best teachers? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,15,Topic 2: People attend college or university for many d
16、ifferent reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge). Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,16,Assignments: Writing : Topic 1 or 2: Requirements: a. detailed outline b.
17、final copy c. peer review Part IV.WT2: Constructing Strong Essays Two parts of an essay : what /how to write( !) 1. Int: 2. Body 3. Ending/ Closing 4.Transition para.,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,17,Chapter 4 Ways to Write a Good Paragraph:,Step1 Making the Topic Clear,Step 2 Maintaining Paragraph Unity,Ste
18、p 3 Achieving Paragraph Coherence,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,18,Step1 Making the Topic Clear Avoiding making a topic sentence too general Step 2 Maintaining Paragraph Unity Focusing on the Central Idea Putting the Central idea/Topic Sentence( TS) in the Best Place at the Beginning at the End in the Middle
19、 (contrast) at the Beginning and the End at the Beginning and in the Middle ( topic is divided ) (p112) in the Middle and at the End Not Stated ( narration),研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,19,Step 3 Achieving Paragraph Coherence 1. Organizing the Paragraph Spatial Pattern Chronological Pattern (9 kinds of deve
20、lopments , to writing , B1 chapter 2) Using Parallel Structures Repeating or Restating Words and Word Groups Using Pronouns as Transitions Using Synonyms as Transitions Being Consistent Using Formal Transitional Expressions,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,20,Step 2 Maintaining Paragraph Unity One Example on Ce
21、ntral idea at the Beginning and in the Middle ( topic is divided ) A famous address (p112),研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,21,P112, The Gettysburg Address Gettysburg, Pennsylvania November 19, 1863 Back ground : Civil War: the North: United States-the South: the Confederated States Apr. 12, 1861Apr. 9, 1865 Ab
22、raham Lincoln: Feb.12,1809.-Apr.15, 1865, Mar.4,1861 Apr.15, 1865 The Declaration of Independence ( 独立宣言): July 4, 1776 , National Day All men are created equal The Battle of Gettysburg, Penn. A 3-day battle: July1-3, 1863, killed 160,000 soldiers A turning point in Civil War for the North to honor
23、the killed for the country, at the Gettysburg National Cemetery ( 国家公墓） The Gettysburg Address （葛底斯堡演讲): 278 words , 3 minutes: a famous speech in US, the world Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President On a train, not sure Story of Lincoln with a 11-year girl, whiskers,The Monument,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,2
24、2,The Monument in GNC,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,23,THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS Abraham LincolnGettysburg, Pennsylvania November 19, 1863 Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent, new Nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equ
25、al. Now, we are engaged in a great Civil War, testing whether that Nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.We are met on a great battlefield of that war.We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who gave their lives that Nation m
26、ight live.It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract.The world will little no
27、te nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated to the great task remaining before us; that from these honored dead, we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that
28、 this Nation, under GOD, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the People by the People and for the People shall not perish from the earth.,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,24,The Gettysburg Address Gettysburg, PennsylvaniaNovember 19, 1863 Four score and seven years ago , our fathers brough
29、t forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. 葛底斯堡演讲 八十七年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上建立起一个崭新的国家。这个国家以自由为理想，奉行人人生来平等的原则。 Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated
30、, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. 目前我们正在进行一场伟大的国内战争，考验这样的国家或任何一个有着同
31、样理想与原则的国家能否长久存在。现在我们在这场战争的一个伟大战场上相聚在一起，将这战场上的一小块土地，作为最终安息之地奉献给那些为国家生存而英勇捐躯的人们。我们这样做是完全恰当、应该的。,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,25,But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate - we can not consecrate - we can not hallow - this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far ab
32、ove our poor power to add or detract. 但是，从深层意义上来说，这块土地我们不能够奉献，不能够圣化，不能够神化。因为曾在这里战斗过的勇士们，无论是活着的还是死去的，已经把这块土地神圣化了。这远非我们微薄之力所能增减的。 The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. 全世界将很少注意到，也不会长期地记起我们在这里所说的话，但全世界永远不会忘记勇士们在这里做过的事。,研究生英语写作1-Chapt
33、er-4和5,26,It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. 在这里,我们活着的人，应当继承先烈遗志，将尚未完成的事业进行到底。 It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these honored dead we take i
34、ncreased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain - that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom - and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall n
35、ot perish from the earth. 在这里,我们应当把自己奉献于烈士们留给我们的伟大任务，从烈士身上我们汲取更多的献身精神来完成他们为之献身的事业.在这里我们下定决心，死者不会白白流血牺牲，我们的国家在上帝护佑下，将得到自由的新生，并且使这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,27,Central idea in the beginning and the middle: divided But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate - we can not consecrate - we can
36、 not hallow - this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated
37、 here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion ; that
38、 we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain - that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom - and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.,1. The central idea fall into two parts for a contrast： what we cannot-what we should do 2. the 2nd part is more forceful.- a famous citation,研究生英语写作1-Chapter-4和5,28,THANK YOU!,