英语词汇学课件.ppt

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1、英语词汇学,1,Semantic Classification of Words,词的语义分类,英语词汇学,2,语义分类(semantic classification of words):,根据词与词之间的语义关系对词进行分类: 上下义关系 the superordinate and the hyponym 同义关系 synonymy 反义关系 antonymy 同形或同音异义关系 homonymy,英语词汇学,3,I. 词与词之间的上下义关系,Living有生命的,plant,animal,bush,tree,shrub,flower,tiger,wolf,dog,sheep,pine,o

2、ak,ash,maple,Ram 公羊,ewe 母羊,Lamb 小羊,white pine 五叶松,yellow pine 黄松,类概念,种概念,支配词,受支配词,上下义关系,语义场:由下义词组成,英语词汇学,4,Semantic Field(语义场) 语义场的共同概念由上义词表示,由下义词组成。 Semantic field of colours: red, orange Semantic field of kinship: son, father,英语词汇学,5,II. 词与词之间的同义关系,词与词可以因表达同一的逻辑概念结合在一起,这些词称之为同义词(synonyms)。,同义词只是意义

3、相同,但形位结构、音位形状和用法不同。,一对或一组同义词并不是一成不变,一个词可与一部分或另一部分词构成同义词。如: look与see, watch, observe 构成同义词,表示“看”的概念,也可以与seem, appear 构成同义词,表示“看上去”的概念。,英语词汇学,6,Major sources of English synonyms(同义词) are : 1. Borrowing: Modern English is extremely rich in synonyms, which come from different sources. The most important

4、 source may be borrowing. Native Borrowed answer reply,英语词汇学,7,2. Dialects and regional English: relative synonyms in British and American usage British American lift elevator car park parking lot,英语词汇学,8,Types of synonyms 1. Complete or absolute synonyms(完全/绝对同义词):It refers to the two words are tot

5、ally synonymous and they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings. e.g. fatherland - motherland, word-formation - word-building. 2. Relative synonyms or more accurate quasi-synonymous words(相对同

6、义词):It refers to the words are synonymous in meaning basically but there are some small differences. e.g. beautiful, pretty, good-looking, handsome, attractive, charming are synonymous words.,英语词汇学,9,三、同义词之间的差异 1、语义上的差异 如:amaze astound 使惊呼 a. A teacher was amazed to find that a lazy student had gain

7、ed a mark of 100 in an important test. 难以相信 b. A woman may be astounded to learn that her dearest friend has been spreading malicious gossip about her. 难以相信的程度更高,英语词汇学,10,escape flee 逃、逃脱 a. The wolf rolled over and played dead to escape capture by the farmer. b. They lost no time in fleeing the bur

8、ning hotel. 更强调在紧急情况下仓促逃跑,英语词汇学,11,beautiful, pretty, handsome, lovely beautiful: 普通,含义广; 用于可爱的人或物;指形式和颜色的完美;给人以愉快的印象,给人以美和高贵的感觉的人或物;女性和小男/女孩; pretty: 不如beautiful强烈;小巧,俏丽;没有文雅、高贵的含义;女性和孩子; handsome: 用做“漂亮”时,多指男性;形容女性,指“健壮和举止大方的美”,“身材匀称,端正庄重”;指物时“悦目,匀称,端正,庄重” lovely: 强调说话人的感情,感受;能引起赞赏和喜悦的人和物;,英语词汇学,1

9、2,look, glance, stare, gaze, eye, peep look 通俗常用,泛指“看”的动作 glance “一瞥” a short, quick look stare “盯着看、目不转睛的看” a very surprised look or a very ill-mannered gaze gaze “凝视,注视” a long, steady look, often caused by surprise or admiration eye “注视,察看” watch carefully peep “偷看,窥视” a cautious glance,英语词汇学,13,

10、表示“笑”的一组同义词 smile微笑 grin 咧嘴笑,露齿而笑 chortle 哈哈大笑 guffaw 狂笑 snigger 暗笑 titter 窃笑 laugh大笑,嘲笑 roar 哄笑,狂笑 chuckle 含笑,暗笑 giggle咯咯笑,英语词汇学,14,2 感情色彩和语体上的差异Differences in affection and style Statesmanpolitician(政治家政客) Intellectualegghead(知识分子书呆子) Coppoliceman (slangordinary style) Pass awaydie (Euphordinary s

11、tyle) See look for (formalinformal),英语词汇学,15,3. 在词的搭配和位置分布上的差异 同义词不仅在语义或语体色彩上有差异,而且在 与其他词搭配使用上也有区别。 a. “变质腐坏“ rotten butter/eggsour milk b. “一群” a flock of/sheep a herd of /cows a school of/whales a pride of/lions a group of /people, trees, houses c. “指责” accuse ofcharge with rebuke forreproachwith/

12、for 同义词有时在句中的分布位置不同。 如:“活着的” the living creature, the creature alive “睡着的” the sleeping baby, the baby asleep,英语词汇学,16,III. 词与词之间的反义关系,词与词之间存在着相反或对立的语义关系,这种关系叫做反义关系(antonymy)。词义相反或对立的词叫做反义词(antonyms)。,英语词汇学,17,语言学家从不同的角度,不同的标准划分反义词:,一、以词根和派生为依据的传统划分标准 1.由不同词根构成的反义词叫做词根反义词(root antonyms)。 如:clear -va

13、gue, large - small,up-down 2. 通过派生法,用词缀构成的反义词叫做派生反义词(derivative antonyms)。这一类反义词的特点是词根相同,而加上了前缀或后缀构成反义词。 如:pleasant - unpleasant polite - impolite honest-dishonest prewar-postwar useful-useless hopeful-hopeless,英语词汇学,18,二、以语义对比(semantic contrast)为依据来划分的现代标准。这可分成以下几种:,1、相对性反义词(contraries) “两级反义词,相反词,

14、可分级反义词” 即语义相对,形成两极。 如:wide - narrow, old - young, big - small 1.1 特点: a.语义(semantic polarity) 归一性/两极性和相对性(relativity),即语义的两极相比较而存在 如: He is (very) old. He is older than you.,英语词汇学,19,b. 对立的渐进性(gradual) 反义词的两级中间可插进表示不同程度性质的词语,体现出对立的层次性。 如:beautiful pretty goodlooking plain ugly love attachment爱慕,依恋,眷

15、恋 liking喜欢,喜爱 indifference漠不关心;冷淡 antipathy反感;厌恶 hate憎恨,英语词汇学,20,2、互补反义词(complementaries) “绝对反义词,矛盾词,二元反义词,互补词” 反义词的互补性指的是非此即彼或非彼即此( The denial of one means the assertion of the other or vice versa.) 如:If John is not married, he is single. If John is not single, he is married. 这一类的反义词有: dead - alive

16、, boy - girl, brother - sister *这一类反义词中不能再插入表示层次性对立的词语。,英语词汇学,21,3、换位反义词(conversives) “关系反义词,对立词” 换位反义词指的是两个词在语义上既表示对立关系,又表示相互依存的关系 (There is an interdependence of meaning.), 一方的存在以另一方的存在为前提 (One member of the pair presupposes the other member.),双方形成一个对立的统一体(a unity of opposites)。 如: buy - sell, giv

17、e - receive, lend - borrow husband - wife, parent - child up -below go-come If A sells a watch to B, B buys a watch from A. If A gives a pen to B, B receives a pen from A.,英语词汇学,22,4. 多项不相容词(semantic incompatibles) 如: north south east west spring summer autumn winter January February March December

18、Sunday MondaySaturday 几组多项不相容词, 几个词之间对立,体现了一种多元对立关系,英语词汇学,23,三. 反义词的特点: 1. 英语中有的词具有一词多义和一词多性的特征,其反义词不可能是固定不变的一个词。 如:fast fast (不褪色)-loose fast (禁食)- eat 因为与其搭配的词不同反义词也会不同。 如: handsome(慷慨的) - ugly/meagre(微薄的) fresh(清新的) - stale(食物不新鲜的)/stuffy(缺乏新鲜空气的,不通气的),英语词汇学,24,2. 反义词与用not构成的句法否定式(syntactic negat

19、ion)相比在语义上有强弱的区别。 如 unhappy- not happy impossible- not possible Charles Dickens 用过一句句子可充分说明两者之间的区别: I am sorry to inform you that we are not at all satisfied with your sister; we are very much dissatisfied with her. 作者虽然用了at all 加强了语意,但嫌之不够,就补用了dissatisfied 一词,再加上very much,更强调了“不满意”的程度。,英语词汇学,25,四、反

20、义词的应用 反义词可用作一种修饰手段突出两种不同概念的对比,给听者或读者留下深刻印象。 如:More haste, less speed。欲速则不达 Sweet as honey, bitter as gall(苦味;恶毒;深仇,怨恨) 。 口蜜腹剑 What is done cannot be undone。生米已成熟饭木已成舟。 first and last 总的来说 to play fast and loose 反复无常 through fair and foul(犯规) 在任何情况下,英语词汇学,26,It was the best of times, it was the worst

21、 of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the age of incredulity, it was the season of light, it was the epoch of darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we have everything before us, we had nothing before us, we

22、 were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct to other ways -Charles Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities 这是最好的时代,也是最坏的时代;是智慧的时代,也是愚蠢的时代;是信仰的时代,也是怀疑的时代;是光明的季节,也是黑暗的季节;是充满希望的春天,也是令人绝望的冬天;我们的前途拥有一切,我们的前途一无所有;我们正走向天堂,我们也直下地狱,英语词汇学,27,反义词的一种灵活运用“矛盾修饰法”,指将两个意义互相矛盾或互不协调的反义词巧妙地置于一处构成修饰语,与被修饰语在实质上或特征上

23、互相对立又协调统一的一种修辞方法。,英语词汇学,28,如: living death 虽生犹死 visible darkness 看得见的黑暗 a clever fool 聪明的笨蛋 audible stillness 听得见的寂静 open secret 公开的秘密 painful pleasure 痛苦的快乐 expressionless expression 毫无表情的表情 a victorious defeat 胜利的失败 cruel kindness 残酷的仁慈 thunderous silence 无声胜有声 life-death struggle 生死搏斗,英语词汇学,29,IV

24、. 词与词之间的同形或同音异义关系,同形或同音异义词(homonyms)指的是形或音同而意义不同的词。形同而音和义不同的词叫同形异义词(homographs)。 如:lead 率领lead 铅 Wind 风wind 蜿蜒 音同而形和义不同的词叫同音异义词(homophones)。 如:air heir继承人 sea see ore 矿石 oar 划桨者,桨 sent cent - scent,英语词汇学,30,Perfect homonyms(完全同音同形异义词):It refers to the words indetical in sound and spelling but differ

25、ent in meaning. e.g. meet vt. to come upon or encounter; meet n. a meeting, gatering or assembling as for a sporting event.,英语词汇学,31,同形或同音异义词形成的原因有如下几种: 一、多义词的词义分化(split of polysemy) 如:flower/ flour 在早期英语,这两个词是一个词。 从词源角度来分析,flower 是由flour的词义分化而成, flour源于古法语 flor, 指“花” ;又来自拉丁语 flos, 指“麦子的最精细部分”。,英语词汇学,32,二、音变的汇合(converging sound development) 两个词出自不同的词源,且发音不同,后来偶然汇合成音同义不同的词。 如:I / eye /ai/ I 源自古英语 ic, eye源自古英语eage,英语词汇学,33,三、词语的缩略(shortening of words) 由于与备用缩略法创造出的新词与原有的词构成同形或同音异义词。 如:pop/ popular Pop v.突然出现;突然伸出,

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