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1、附 录 Human activities on the ecological damage to the environment has become a global problem, to reduce fuel consumption, reduce automobile exhaust emissions is energy conservation, prevention of air pollution in an important measure. Vehicle energy consumption is closely related with the tire rolli
2、ng resistance. On cars or light trucks, the 3.4% 6.6% of fuel consumption used to overcome rolling resistance tires; of loaded radial truck tire with the car example, 12.4% 14.5% of fuel consumption to overcome the rolling resistance tires . Tire rolling resistance by 10%, fuel-efficient cars will b
3、e 1.2 percent, 4 percent savings trucks. To this end,the tire manufacturers have at home and abroad to develop new low-power tires to reduce rolling resistance, saving fuel.Automobile tires in the rolling process, the total vehicle rolling resistance accounts for about 20% of the resistance, if redu
4、ced by 10% per tire rolling resistance, lower 2% 3% of fuel, then rolling resistance tires to enhance the level of control of vehicle contribution to fuel economy will be significant, but also in a wide range can be achieved. Therefore, how to effectively control the tires rolling resistance is the
5、industry facing a key issue. This article will explore the various angles and analysis as well as tire rolling resistance testing technology.I. Summary In the tire rolling process, the cycle of changes in the stress and strain lead to energy loss, the formation of tire rolling resistance, also known
6、 as the tire hysteresis energy loss. Studies have shown that to overcome tire rolling resistance on fuel consumption of the general accounting for the total fuel consumption of motor vehicles more than 10%. Reduce rolling resistance tires can reduce vehicle energy consumption, so that the car farthe
7、r away from efficient. Tire rolling resistance is the overall energy consumption of material, equivalent to the tire rolling units of energy loss from the rolling units in addition to its distance, the dimensionless N m / m, although its equivalent to the dimensionless force, but from the point of v
8、iew of energy analysis and understanding more convenient and reasonable.Through the measurement of rolling resistance tires can study the best section. However, the results of lab experiments can only make a comparison, the final road test should be used as the basis of the results.Second, research
9、the history of As early as age 60 in the 20th century, Beijing Research and Design Institute of Rubber Industry in turn on the drum machine and measured the wire cotton tire cord tire power loss, also measured on the road when the vehicle speed steady traction resistance. At that time, due to restri
10、ctions on the use of equipment, the pilot is in its early exploratory phase of long-term. Since the mid-80s, with the accelerated development of Chinas tire needs, a small number of tire manufacturers from the United States, Japan and Germany with the introduction of the rolling resistance of the sw
11、itch position test tire drum testing machine, combined with the development of a new type of radial tire and the analysis of foreign samples a number of tire rolling resistance tires test.Inspection. 70s from the 20th century in the United States, Japan and Europe, such as the economically developed
12、 countries, in order to solve energy shortages and the deterioration of environmental quality issues and the rolling resistance tires for a large number of experiments and research work. At the same time, tire rolling resistance testing technologies have also made remarkable progress. Beginning in 2
13、004, the U.S. National Research Center on the control of rolling resistance tires to start a new round of extensive research. In 2007, the European Rubber Manufacturers Association also made to the EU to control the level of rolling resistance of the recommendations. Therefore, China will also face
14、the control of rolling resistance.Third, testing technology At present, China has established a laboratory test-based, supplemented by the direction of the outdoor experiment. Steady-state conditions in the interior that is a constant load and speed, the tires when driving to reach thermal equilibri
15、um Tire rolling resistance measurement method of standardization has been achieved. Preliminary results show that the simulation of the city of tire rolling resistance condition than under the conditions of steady-state rolling resistance by 26% 47% of the difference between the two aroused peoples
16、interest in the emergence of a simulation of various operating conditions of automobile tires non-steady-state test. But so far did not see a unified standard test methods or test protocols. Carried out in the outdoor tire rolling resistance test methods are mainly trailer Act, taxiways and three ki
17、nds of torque method, in which a wider application of the trailer Act.Fourth, laboratory equipment Laboratory test equipment, through decades of effort, has appeared in various types of tire rolling resistance testing machine. Their roads in accordance with the form of simulation points, and to have
18、 a steel drum two broad categories. Strip-type test machine to simulate the continuous flat surface, is very expensive test equipment tires. At present, it is the most widely to drum testing machine, in particular, a diameter of 1.7 meters to the drum. These test equipment measuring tire rolling res
19、istance by way of points, and measuring method, torque law, power law and reduce the rate of four kinds of law. The use of existing equipment to load and torque of law are most welcome. In the past two decades, the accuracy of test equipment greatly enhanced to reduce the double measurement error, a
20、nd has formed a set of test data to ensure the repeatability of the equipment necessary for accuracy. Has the full realization of Chinas current industrial production equipment is Jiurong Tianjin rolling resistance testing machine, is divided into car and truck tire with two types of tires, and its
21、accuracy in line with the requirements of ISO. As the outdoor test line tire rolling resistance of non-standard test, the test equipment they use is not changed. Association for the Study of the British automobile industry with the use of the pilot housing trailers, all kinds of tires for air resist
22、ance in the same test under the conditions created.V. Test Methods 1. Indoor and outdoor test test Indoor and outdoor test test test is based on the distinction between the two types of tire place test method. Indoor test of tire rolling resistance testing machine were conducted, and its experimenta
23、l conditions, although the Department of simulated conditions of use but can be under control, so that good reproducibility of experimental data. Outdoor test rolling resistance tires are used on test vehicles on the road completed, it is true although the experimental conditions, but susceptible to
24、 external factors, pilot error, and therefore tire rolling resistance test to test the main indoor and outdoor test Des. 2. Steady-state conditions and non-steady-state conditions Steady-state conditions in the constant refers to the tire load and speed, and traveling in the tire to reach thermal eq
25、uilibrium when measuring rolling resistance; non-steady-state conditions, it means the tire change with time in the load and speed, and tire temperature in the process of moving measuring rolling resistance. Of course, the tires in the car on the non-steady-state condition is varied. To the total po
26、ints, tire condition of the car has the city, the suburbs of the car and coach on. However, a breakdown, and another empty, heavy vehicles, drive, driven, acceleration, deceleration, taxiways, brake, turn, etc. and combinations there of. Typical working condition of the tires as the standard test of
27、 non-steady-state conditions, needs to be done to investigate and test a large number of research work. So whether it is the latest ISO 18164 or the existing SAEJ 1269, they were under steady-state conditions. In addition, SAEJ 2452 slowdown is a complex experiment, the experimental conditions than
28、under the uniform steady-state movement is much more complicated, but it is not completely under non-steady-state experiment. As can accurately predict tire rolling resistance is uniform or slowdown, more tests need to be verified, such comparison tests being investigated. However, the tire manufact
29、urers tire rolling resistance testing machine mostly for the use of steady-state conditions, if used for non-steady-state conditions by the test needs Plus many new features, testing may be a substantial increase in cost.First of all, to deal with the choice of tires to test full consideration, such
30、 as the representativeness of the sample, the tire size, type, rated speed, the original production equipment and the type of wheel rim, as well as the technological level of producers and industry status. Secondly, the performance evaluation of the establishment of test methods. Is not any test met
31、hod can be used to evaluate the performance level, especially the study of test methods, and therefore take into account the actual tire, the combination of existing technology and the means test, set up in line with the experimental detection conditions. Third, laboratory equipment to ensure precis
32、ion and accuracy of the equipment of the establishment of standards to ensure that test reproducibility and repeatability, such as samples of the same specifications of the rolling resistance tires are consistent and repeatable, with the control tire for the different experiments comparison. Fourth,
33、 the establishment of quality control procedures to ensure that the different rolling resistance testing machine test results are consistent and repeatable, the data in these experiments should also include information such as equipment. Fifth, repeat the same tire test, test results are consistent
34、and repeatable. Sixth, tire prices and the relationship between the dynamic resistance. Seventh, most importantly, in the protection of national industries and safeguard the environment and conserve fuel, to resist the flow of low-quality tires to enter the market, the need for serious thinking.A lo
35、t of tests in measuring very small load rolling resistance tire rolling resistance is measured the basic characteristics of the tire positioning accuracy, therefore, control precision and accuracy requirements and other equipment is key. According to many years of experience confirm the accuracy of
36、test equipment requirements is necessary, otherwise the test data can not be guaranteed to reach the standards of repeatability and comparability. Lower rolling resistance tires can significantly save energy and protect the environment, with considerable economic and social benefits. Under the condi
37、tions of typical use of the tire rolling resistance and fuel consumption the relationship between the steady-state conditions with non-steady-state conditions compared with the torque method, power law and measured by the speed difference in rolling resistance tires will be The next step of our rese
38、arch objectives. Should be established and planned research projects, and used to determine the appropriate control of the rolling resistance or grade; from different points of view to promote and strengthen the grasp of the concept of rolling resistance and applications.汽车轮胎人类活动对生态环境的破坏已成为全球性问题,减少燃
39、料消耗、降低汽车尾气排放量是节约能源、防止大气污染的重要措施。汽车能量消耗与轮胎滚动阻力有密切关系。对轿车或轻型载重汽车来说,3.4%6.6%的燃料消耗用于克服轮胎的滚动阻力;对装用载重子午线轮胎的汽车来说,12.4%14.5%的燃料消耗用于克服轮胎的滚动阻力。轮胎的滚动阻力降低10%,轿车将节约燃料1.2%,载重汽车节约4%。为此,国内外轮胎生产商纷纷开发新的低能耗轮胎,以降低滚动阻力、节约燃料。汽车轮胎在滚动过程中,其滚动阻力约占汽车总阻力的20%,如果按照每减少10%的轮胎滚动阻力,降低2%3%燃油的话,加强对轮胎滚动阻力水平的控制,对汽车燃油经济性的贡献将是显著的,而且可以在较大范围内
40、得以实现。因此,如何有效地控制轮胎的滚动阻力是行业面临的一个关键问题。本文将从多个角度探讨和分析汽车轮胎滚动阻力以及测试技术。一、综述在轮胎滚动过程中,循环变化的应力应变导致能量损耗,形成轮胎滚动阻力,也称为轮胎滞后能量损耗。研究表明,克服轮胎滚动阻力消耗燃油占普通汽车总油耗的10%以上。减小轮胎滚动阻力可以降低汽车能耗,使汽车行驶的距离更远,效率更高。滚动阻力是轮胎材料能量的总体消耗,等于轮胎滚动单位距离的能量损耗除以其滚动单位距离,量纲为Nm/m,尽管其等于力的量纲,然而从能量的角度分析和理解更为方便和合理。通过对滚动阻力的测量可以研究轮胎最佳的节能效果。但是室内实验的结果只能做出比较,最
41、后仍应以道路试验的结果作为依据。二、研究历史早在20世纪60年代,北京橡胶工业研究设计院就开始在转鼓式试验机上测量了钢丝轮胎和棉帘线轮胎的功率损耗,也曾在道路上测量汽车稳速行驶时的牵引阻力。由于受当时使用设备的限制,该项试验长期处于初期探索阶段。80年代中期起,随着我国加速发展子午线轮胎的需要,少数轮胎生产企业从美国、日本和德国引进了带有滚动阻力试验工位的转鼓式轮胎试验机,结合开发新型子午线轮胎和剖析外国轮胎样品进行了一些轮胎滚动阻力试验。20世纪70年代起,在美国、日本和欧洲等经济发达国家,为了解决能源短缺和环境质量恶化问题,对汽车轮胎滚动阻力进行了大量的实验和研究工作。与此同时,轮胎滚动阻
42、力的测试技术也取得了长足的进步。从2004年开始,美国国家研究中心就轮胎滚动阻力的控制展开了新一轮的广泛研究。2007年,欧洲橡胶制造者协会也向欧盟提出了滚动阻力的控制水平建议。因此,我国也将同样面临滚动阻力的控制研究。三、测试技术目前我国确立了以室内试验为主,室外试验为辅的方向。在室内稳态条件即恒定的负荷和速度下,轮胎行驶达到热平衡时测量汽车轮胎滚动阻力的方法,已实现了标准化。初步结果表明,模拟市内汽车轮胎工况的滚动阻力要比稳态条件下的滚动阻力大26%47%,两者的差别激起了人们的兴趣,兴起了模拟各种汽车轮胎工况的非稳态试验。但迄今为止未见到统一的试验方法标准或试验规程。在室外进行汽车轮胎滚
43、动阻力试验的方法主要有拖车法、滑行法和扭矩法3种,其中拖车法应用较广。四、室内实验设备室内试验设备方面,经过几十年的努力,先后出现了多种类型的轮胎滚动阻力试验机。它们按照模拟路面的形式来分,有钢带式和转鼓式两大类。钢带式试验机模拟了平的连续路面,是目前价格昂贵的轮胎试验设备。目前应用最广的是转鼓式试验机,尤其是直径为1.7米的转鼓式。这些试验设备按测量轮胎滚动阻力的方法来分,又有测力法、扭矩法、功率法和减速度法4种。现有的设备以采用测力法和扭矩法者居多。在近二十年内,试验设备的精度大大提高,测量误差成倍减少,已形成了一套确保试验数据可重复性所必须的设备精度要求。我国目前已经全面实现工业化生产的
44、设备是天津久荣的滚动阻力测试机,分为轿车轮胎用和载重汽车轮胎用两类,其精度符合ISO的要求。由于室外的轮胎滚动阻力试验系非标准试验,其所用的试验设备改变不大。英国汽车工业研究协会使用的带外罩的试验挂车,为各种轮胎在相同空气阻力下进行试验创造了条件。五、试验方法1.室内试验和室外试验室内试验与室外试验是按试验场所区分的两类轮胎试验方法。室内的轮胎滚动阻力试验都是在试验机上进行的,它的试验条件虽系模拟的使用条件但可以加以控制,故试验数据的重复性好。室外的轮胎滚动阻力试验都是用试验车辆在道路上完成,它的试验条件虽然真实,但易受外界因素的影响,试验误差大,因此汽车轮胎滚动阻力试验以室内试验为主,室外试
45、验为辅。2.稳态条件和非稳态条件稳态条件指轮胎在恒定的负荷和速度下,且在轮胎行驶达到热平衡时测量滚动阻力;非稳态条件则指轮胎在随时间改变的负荷和速度下,且轮胎处于行驶升温过程中测量滚动阻力。当然,轮胎在汽车上的工况是非稳态的,是多种多样的。总的来分,轮胎的工况有市内汽车上的、市郊汽车上的和长途汽车上的。但细分起来,又有空车、重车、驱动、从动、加速、减速、滑行、制动、转弯等条件及其组合。选择典型的轮胎工况作为试验标准的非稳态条件,需要做大量的调查和试验研究工作。因此无论是最新的ISO 18164还是现行的SAEJ 1269,它们均系稳态条件下的。此外,SAEJ 2452是一种复杂的减速实验,其实
46、验条件较稳态下的匀速运动复杂得多,但也不完全是非稳态下的实验。至于可以精确预测轮胎的滚动阻力是匀速的还是减速的,有待于更多的试验验证,这种比较试验正在研究中。但目前轮胎制造厂商拥有的轮胎滚动阻力试验机大部分是供稳态条件下使用的,若用于非稳态条件下的试验需要增加很多新的功能,试验成本可能也会大量增加。首先,应对试验轮胎的选择予以全面的考虑,如样本的代表性,轮胎的尺寸规格、种类、额定速度、原始生产设备和轮辋的类型以及生产商的技术水平和行业地位等。其次,性能评价试验方法的建立。不是任何试验方法都可以用来评价性能等级的,尤其是研究性的试验方法,因此在考虑实际轮胎的情况下,结合现有的测试技术与手段,建立
47、合乎国情的实验检测方法。第三,保证实验设备的精度和准确度的设备标准的建立,以保证试验的重现性和再现性,如同样规格轮胎样本的滚动阻力是否一致和可重复,用对照轮胎作不同的实验进行比较等。第四,建立质量管理程序,保证不同滚动阻力试验机试验结果是否一致和可重复,在这些实验数据中还应包括设备的信息等。第五,同类轮胎的重复试验,试验结果是否一致和可重复。第六,轮胎价格与动阻力之间的关系。第七,最为重要的是,在保护民族工业和维护环境、节约燃油、抵制劣质轮胎进入流通市场的问题上,需要严肃的思考。在很大的试验负荷下测量很小的滚动阻力是汽车轮胎滚动阻力测量的基本特点,因此轮胎的定位精度、控制精度和测量精度等设备要求是关键性的。据多年经验证实,试验设备精度要求是必须的,否则就不能保证试验数据达到标准的可重复性和可比性。降低汽车轮胎滚动阻力能明显节约能源,保护环境,具有可观的经济效益和社会效益。各种典型使用条件下的轮胎滚动阻力与汽车耗油量之间的关系,稳态条件与非稳态条件的对比,用扭矩法、功率法和减速度法测量轮胎滚动阻力的差异等将成为我们下一步的研究目标。应建立有计划的研究项目,并用来确定适宜的滚动阻力控制范围或者等级;从不同的角度来推广和加强滚动阻力概念的掌握和应用。15