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1、定语和状语从句的引导词归纳_状语从句1.定语从句定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。 限制性定语从句限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有 who,whom,whose,which,that 等。who,whom,whose 用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于 of which；which 用于指物；that 既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句， 替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。如：T
2、he computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations.Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.1)当先行词是 all,anything,everything,something,nothing
3、等不定代词或先行词前有 first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only 以及形容词最高级 修饰时，只能用关系代词 that 引导从句。如：That is all that Ive heard from him.Hes the first person that Im going to interview this afternoon.2)关系代词的省略在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用 that，只可用 which 或 whom 引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用 that，也可省略。如
4、：This is one of those things with which we have to put up.This is one of those things (whichthat) we have to put up with.3)引导定语从句的关系副词有 when,where,why 等。关系副词在从 句中作状语，意义上相当于一个介词+which 的结构。如：Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.No
5、 one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day. *非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不 可用 that 引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。如：Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism. *介词+whichwhomwhose 引导的定语从句介词+whichwhomwhose 可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该
6、结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭 配，或先行词的习惯搭配。如：This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.*as 引导的定语从句as 引导的定语从句主要用于 such.as 及 the same.as 的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as 引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主 句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。如：These are not such problems as can be easily s
7、olved.(as 代替先行词 problems)As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as 代替主语)2.状语从句时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：1）when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once 等。 We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.2)as soon as,hardly(scarcely
8、).when,no sooner.than,each(every)time,the moment,immediately(that)等。As soon as I sent an e-mail message,I received positive responses. The moment he heard the good news,he jumped with joy.地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是 where,wherever.Wherever she went,she took her little daughter with her.原因、结果和目的状语从句1 ） 引 导 原
9、因 状 语 从 句 的 从 属 连 词 有 ：because,as,since,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in that 等。Considering that he is a freshman,we must say he is doing well.2)引导结果状语从句的连词有：so.that,such.that,so that,that,so 等。Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.3)引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that,in
10、order that,for fear that,lest 等，从句常使用 may,might,can,could,would 等情态动词。We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.条件和让步状语从句1 ）引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有 if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing 等。As long as you have the r
11、ight equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.2)引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有 though,although,whether,eventhough,even if,nowhat(when,how.),whatever(whenever,wherever,however.)等matter。though,even if 等引导状语从句可转换成含有 as 的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语。 No matter what you may say,I wou
12、ld not change my mind.Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he isyoung)Child as he is,he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child) 方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的连词有 as,just as,as if,as though 等。as if,asthough 引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。The young man made the experiment just as the teacher had taught him.Everything went on as usual as if nothing had happened.