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1、 Application FundamentalsAndroid applications are written in the Java programming language. The compiled Java code along with any data and resource files required by the application is bundled by the aapt tool into an Android package, an archive file marked by an .apk suffix. This file is the vehicl
2、e for distributing the application and installing it on mobile devices; its the file users download to their devices. All the code in a single .apk file is considered to be one application.In many ways, each Android application lives in its own world:1. By default, every application runs in its own
3、Linux process. Android starts the process when any of the applications code needs to be executed, and shuts down the process when its no longer needed and system resources are required by other applications.2. Each process has its own virtual machine (VM), so application code runs in isolation from
4、the code of all other applications.3. By default, each application is assigned a unique Linux user ID. Permissions are set so that the applications files are visible only to that user and only to the application itself although there are ways to export them to other applications as well.Its possible
5、 to arrange for two applications to share the same user ID, in which case they will be able to see each others files. To conserve system resources, applications with the same ID can also arrange to run in the same Linux process, sharing the same VM.Application ComponentsA central feature of Android
6、is that one application can make use of elements of other applications (provided those applications permit it). For example, if your application needs to display a scrolling list of images and another application has developed a suitable scroller and made it available to others, you can call upon th
7、at scroller to do the work, rather than develop your own. Your application doesnt incorporate the code of the other application or link to it. Rather, it simply starts up that piece of the other application when the need arises.For this to work, the system must be able to start an application proces
8、s when any part of it is needed, and instantiate the Java objects for that part. Therefore, unlike applications on most other systems, Android applications dont have a single entry point for everything in the application (no main() function, for example). Rather, they have essential components that
9、the system can instantiate and run as needed. There are four types of components:ActivitiesAn activity presents a visual user interface for one focused endeavor the user can undertake. For example, an activity might present a list of menu items users can choose from or it might display photographs a
10、long with their captions. A text messaging application might have one activity that shows a list of contacts to send messages to, a second activity to write the message to the chosen contact, and other activities to review old messages or change settings. Though they work together to form a cohesive
11、 user interface, each activity is independent of the others. Each one is implemented as a subclass of the Activity base class.An application might consist of just one activity or, like the text messaging application just mentioned, it may contain several. What the activities are, and how many there
12、are depends, of course, on the application and its design. Typically, one of the activities is marked as the first one that should be presented to the user when the application is launched. Moving from one activity to another is accomplished by having the current activity start the next one.Each act
13、ivity is given a default window to draw in. Typically, the window fills the screen, but it might be smaller than the screen and float on top of other windows. An activity can also make use of additional windows for example, a pop-up dialog that calls for a user response in the midst of the activity,
14、 or a window that presents users with vital information when they select a particular item on-screen.The visual content of the window is provided by a hierarchy of views objects derived from the base View class. Each view controls a particular rectangular space within the window. Parent views contai
15、n and organize the layout of their children. Leaf views (those at the bottom of the hierarchy) draw in the rectangles they control and respond to user actions directed at that space. Thus, views are where the activitys interaction with the user takes place.For example, a view might display a small i
16、mage and initiate an action when the user taps that image. Android has a number of ready-made views that you can use including buttons, text fields, scroll bars, menu items, check boxes, and more.A view hierarchy is placed within an activitys window by the Activity.setContentView() method. The conte
17、nt view is the View object at the root of the hierarchy. (See the separate User Interface document for more information on views and the hierarchy.)ServicesA service doesnt have a visual user interface, but rather runs in the background for an indefinite period of time. For example, a service might
18、play background music as the user attends to other matters, or it might fetch data over the network or calculate something and provide the result to activities that need it. Each service extends the Service base class.A prime example is a media player playing songs from a play list. The player appli
19、cation would probably have one or more activities that allow the user to choose songs and start playing them. However, the music playback itself would not be handled by an activity because users will expect the music to keep playing even after they leave the player and begin something different. To
20、keep the music going, the media player activity could start a service to run in the background. The system would then keep the music playback service running even after the activity that started it leaves the screen.Its possible to connect to (bind to) an ongoing service (and start the service if it
21、s not already running). While connected, you can communicate with the service through an interface that the service exposes. For the music service, this interface might allow users to pause, rewind, stop, and restart the playback.Like activities and the other components, services run in the main thr
22、ead of the application process. So that they wont block other components or the user interface, they often spawn another thread for time-consuming tasks (like music playback). See Processes and Threads, later.Broadcast receiversA broadcast receiver is a component that does nothing but receive and re
23、act to broadcast announcements. Many broadcasts originate in system code for example, announcements that the timezone has changed, that the battery is low, that a picture has been taken, or that the user changed a language preference. Applications can also initiate broadcasts for example, to let oth
24、er applications know that some data has been downloaded to the device and is available for them to use.An application can have any number of broadcast receivers to respond to any announcements it considers important. All receivers extend the BroadcastReceiver base class.Broadcast receivers do not di
25、splay a user interface. However, they may start an activity in response to the information they receive, or they may use the NotificationManager to alert the user. Notifications can get the users attention in various ways flashing the backlight, vibrating the device, playing a sound, and so on. They
26、 typically place a persistent icon in the status bar, which users can open to get the message.Content providersA content provider makes a specific set of the applications data available to other applications. The data can be stored in the file system, in an SQLite database, or in any other manner th
27、at makes sense. The content provider extends the ContentProvider base class to implement a standard set of methods that enable other applications to retrieve and store data of the type it controls. However, applications do not call these methods directly. Rather they use a ContentResolver object and
28、 call its methods instead. A ContentResolver can talk to any content provider; it cooperates with the provider to manage any interprocess communication thats involved.See the separate Content Providers document for more information on using content providers.Whenever theres a request that should be
29、handled by a particular component, Android makes sure that the application process of the component is running, starting it if necessary, and that an appropriate instance of the component is available, creating the instance if necessary.Activating components: intentsContent providers are activated w
30、hen theyre targeted by a request from a ContentResolver. The other three components activities, services, and broadcast receivers are activated by asynchronous messages called intents. An intent is an Intent object that holds the content of the message. For activities and services, it names the acti
31、on being requested and specifies the URI of the data to act on, among other things. For example, it might convey a request for an activity to present an image to the user or let the user edit some text. For broadcast receivers, theIntent object names the action being announced. For example, it might
32、 announce to interested parties that the camera button has been pressed.There are separate methods for activating each type of component:1. An activity is launched (or given something new to do) by passing an Intent object toContext.startActivity() or Activity.startActivityForResult(). The respondin
33、g activity can look at the initial intent that caused it to be launched by calling its getIntent() method. Android calls the activitys onNewIntent() method to pass it any subsequent intents. One activity often starts the next one. If it expects a result back from the activity its starting, it calls
34、startActivityForResult() instead of startActivity(). For example, if it starts an activity that lets the user pick a photo, it might expect to be returned the chosen photo. The result is returned in an Intent object thats passed to the calling activitys onActivityResult() method.2. A service is star
35、ted (or new instructions are given to an ongoing service) by passing an Intent object to Context.startService(). Android calls the services onStart() method and passes it the Intent object. Similarly, an intent can be passed to Context.bindService() to establish an ongoing connection between the cal
36、ling component and a target service. The service receives the Intent object in an onBind() call. (If the service is not already running, bindService() can optionally start it.) For example, an activity might establish a connection with the music playback service mentioned earlier so that it can prov
37、ide the user with the means (a user interface) for controlling the playback. The activity would call bindService() to set up that connection, and then call methods defined by the service to affect the playback.A later section, Remote procedure calls, has more details about binding to a service.3. An
38、 application can initiate a broadcast by passing an Intent object to methods like Context.sendBroadcast(), Context.sendOrderedBroadcast(), and Context.sendStickyBroadcast() in any of their variations.Android delivers the intent to all interested broadcast receivers by calling their onReceive() metho
39、ds. For more on intent messages, see the separate article, Intents and Intent Filters.Shutting down componentsA content provider is active only while its responding to a request from a ContentResolver. And a broadcast receiver is active only while its responding to a broadcast message. So theres no
40、need to explicitly shut down these components.Activities, on the other hand, provide the user interface. Theyre in a long-running conversation with the user and may remain active, even when idle, as long as the conversation continues. Similarly, services may also remain running for a long time. So A
41、ndroid has methods to shut down activities and services in an orderly way:1. An activity can be shut down by calling its finish() method. One activity can shut down another activity (one it started with startActivityForResult() by calling finishActivity().2. A service can be stopped by calling its s
42、topSelf() method, or by calling Context.stopService().Components might also be shut down by the system when they are no longer being used or when Android must reclaim memory for more active components. A later section, Component Lifecycles, discusses this possibility and its ramifications in more de
43、tail.The manifest fileBefore Android can start an application component, it must learn that the component exists. Therefore, applications declare their components in a manifest file thats bundled into the Android package, the .apk file that also holds the applications code, files, and resources.The
44、manifest is a structured XML file and is always named AndroidManifest.xml for all applications. It does a number of things in addition to declaring the applications components, such as naming any libraries the application needs to be linked against (besides the default Android library) and identifyi
45、ng any permissions the application expects to be granted.But the principal task of the manifest is to inform Android about the applications components. For example, an activity might be declared as follows:The name attribute of the element names the Activity subclass that implements the activity. Th
46、e icon and label attributes point to resource files containing an icon and label that can be displayed to users to represent the activity.The other components are declared in a similar way elements for services, elements for broadcast receivers, and elements for content providers. Activities, servic
47、es, and content providers that are not declared in the manifest are not visible to the system and are consequently never run. However, broadcast receivers can either be declared in the manifest, or they can be created dynamically in code (as BroadcastReceiver objects) and registered with the system
48、by calling Context.registerReceiver().For more on how to structure a manifest file for your application, see The Android Manifest.xml File.Intent filtersAn Intent object can explicitly name a target component. If it does, Android finds that component (based on the declarations in the manifest file)
49、and activates it. But if a target is not explicitly named, Android must locate the best component to respond to the intent. It does so by comparing the Intent object to the intent filters of potential targets. A components intent filters inform Android of the kinds of intents the component is able to handle. Like other essential information about the component, theyre declared in