《1句子和句子成分.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《1句子和句子成分.doc（6页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、子成分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。在英语中，句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 1. 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，相当于句子的主题，说明这个句子讲的是什么人或什么事，一般位于句首，但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We
2、 often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to ma
3、ster a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） 2. 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： （1）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如：He practices running every morning. （2）复合谓语：a) 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。例如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. b）由系动词加表语构成例如：We are students.3. 表语：表语用以说明主
4、语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become,get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）Hi
5、s hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） 4. 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on tim
6、e.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾
7、语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.5. 补足语（宾语补足语和主语补足语）：a) 宾语补足语： 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to
8、 lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词短语）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）b) 主语补足语：补充说明主语的叫主语补足语。1. The poet Li He died young. =The poet Li He died and he was young. 诗人李贺年轻时就死了。 (形容词)2. He returned a her
9、o. = He returned and he was a hero.他回来时成了一个英雄。 (名词)6. 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monito
10、r is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）7. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作发生的时间，地点，条件，目的，原因等，或说明动作的状态特征的句子成分叫做状语。例如：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city fo
11、r ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the
12、rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immedi
13、ately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）【边讲边练】一分析下列句子中划线部分的句子成分： My brother hasnt done his homework. They smiled happily. He gave me a book yesterday. They made him monitor of the class. If you go across the bridge you will find the museum on the left. Yo
14、u will find it useful to learn English after you leave school. They didnt know who Father Christmas really is. He is a qualified teacher in our school. Some of the students want to go swimming(三) 简单句的五种基本句型（five Basic Sentence Patterns）英语中句子无论怎样变化，归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：1）主+谓（不及物动词） Iwork. 我工作。
15、2）主+谓（及物动词）+宾 ShestudiesEnglish.她学英语。3）主+谓（及物动词）+间宾+直宾例如： Mymothermademeanewdress.我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。4）主+谓（及物动词）+宾+宾补 Timewouldprovemeright.时间会证明我是对的。 5）主+系（动词）+表Johnisbusy.约翰忙。说明：在主系表结构中，系动词有两类需要区别对待：一类是be动词。另一类是其它系动词(主要是感官动词和使役动词). 如：get, become, go, turn, grow, sound, look, taste, smell, seem, appear,
16、remain, keep, stay, prove 等,后面一般跟形容词或由动词+ing或ed变化而来的形容词做表语，而become还可以跟名词和过去分词作表语。例如：The weather is getting cold and cold with the season coming into the winter.随着冬天的来临，天气越来越冷了。He has become a college student. 他已经成了一名大学生。Soon the room become crowed. 不久，房子就很拥挤了。The food goes bad. 食物变质了。The leaves of t
17、rees turn green in spring. 树叶春天变绿了。The wind sounds strong. 风声听起来很大。He looks younger than he is. 他看起来比实际年龄要小。The dish tastes good. 这道菜很好吃。He seems ill today. 他似乎病了。The situation remained unchanged. 情况未发生变化。Mary keeps silent in the discussion. 讨论中玛丽保持沉默。（四）there be 句型和 have（has）表示“有”的不同1. “ There be句型
18、”表达“有”时，说明的是“存在关系”，即“有某物在某处”， 如：There are so many people on the playground. （操场上有许多人）。“Have/has”表“有”时，表示“所属关系“，即“某物为某人所拥有”或“部分是整体的一部分”。 如：I have a house with a beautiful garden. 我有一套带花园的房子。The building has thirty rooms. 这栋楼有三十个房间。2. 根据句意的需要，“there be 句型” 的结构还有如下一些变化形式：There is going to be/There will
19、 be (将有)There used to be (曾经有)There seems to be (似乎有)There happen(s) to be (a)(碰巧有) There live (s) /lie (s) /stand (s) /stay (s) /exist(s)/ 有 运用“there be 句型”常犯的错误形式有如下两种：(1) There have /has many people in my family. (误)There are many people in my family. (正)(2)There is no one was waiting (误) There i
20、s no one waiting / No one was waiting (正)练习：根据英语的基本句型，翻译下面的句子：（A）主语+谓语 （S+V）1.他工作很努力。2.外国游客将于本周六抵达。3.他和他的妻子两年前居住在英国。 (B) 主语+系动词+表语 （S+P+V）1.他是一个著名的科学家。2.这个主意听起来太好了。3. 天气变得越来越暖，花闻起来很香。4. 他总是保持沉默。5. 树叶在秋天变黄。 (C) 主语+谓语+宾语1.爸爸喜欢晚饭后看报纸。2. 这些外国游客昨天晚间到达沈阳.3.我们班长不想放弃数学。4. 他害怕攀登。5. 童年的时候我不知道怎样节约时间。(D) 主语+谓语+直接宾语+间接宾语1.王太太给他的丈夫买了一条裤子。2.请给我看看那些照片。3.她把她的笔记借给了她的秘书。4. 这个新的手提包花了他600元。 (E) 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语1.他发现学习英语很重要。2.约翰请我今天晚间帮他学物理。3. .有人看见他昨天夜里在街上哭。4. 我们认为他是一个优秀的学生。 (E) There be 句型1.杯子里有一点水。2.路的两边有很多树。3.桌子上有一把小刀，两把尺子和一块橡皮。4. 我的自行车出了毛病。5. 我的电脑似乎有点毛病。6.明天下午将有两场足球。7. 那天碰巧有一个事故。8.那儿有一座楼。