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1、跨文化交际学题型名词解释整理：Intercultural communication :intercultural communication is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural back-grounds .Intracultural communication :intracultural communication can be defined as the extent to which there is shared interpersonal communication betw
2、een members of the same culture whether this is in the majority .or within minority cultures .Perception :in its simplest sense ,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us “the process by which an individual selects ,evaluates ,and organizes stimuli from the external world .”in other words ,percepti
3、on is an internal process whereby we convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences .Individualism :broadly speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine theater the interests of the individual are of ought to be paramount ,and that all values ,rights and duties ori
4、ginate in individual s ,it emphasizes individual initiative ,independence ,individual expression ,and even privacy .Collectivism: it is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguish between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group to look after them ,and in exchange for th
5、at they fell they owe absolute loyalty to the group .collectivism means greater emphasis on (1)the views ,needs ,and goals of the in-groups rather than oneself ; (2)social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure ; (3)beliefs shared with the in-group; rather than b
6、eliefs that distinguish self from ingroup ; and (4)great readiness to cooperate with ingroup membership .Power distance :its the extent to which a society accepts that power in relationships ,institutions, and organizations is distributed unequally .Context :its the information that surrounds an eve
7、nt ,it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event .High-context communication :it is a kind of communication in which most of the information is already in the person ; while very little is in the coded ,explicitly transmitted part of the message ,e.g.,Chinese ,Japanese Low-context comm
8、unication :its just the opposite of high-context communication . its the mass of information is rested in the explicit code ,e.g. American German High-context culture :its a kind of culture in which people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences ,information networks ,and the like ,e.g. Chin
9、ese ,Japanese Low-context culture :its a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts ,e.g. American ,German Activity orientation :it is the way a culture views activity ,which is classified by kluckhohns and strodtbeck as
10、 being ,being-in-becoming ,and doing. Nonverbal communication: nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver. Paralan
11、guage :certain vocal cues provided us with information with which to make judgments about characters personalities, emotional States ,and rhetorical activity .Paralanguage involves the linguistic elements of speech ,that is ,how something is said and not the actual meaning of the spoken words .most
12、classifications divide paralanguage into three kinds of vocalizations ;vocal characterizers ;vocal qualifiers ; and vocal segregates M-time (monochromic time schedule ):M-time cultures tend to think of time as something fixed in nature ,something around us and from which we can not escape ; and ever
13、-present part of the environment ,just like the air we breathe P-time (polychromic time schedule ):P-time cultures deal with time holistically and place great stock in the activity occurring at the moment .Polychronic time cultures emphasize people more than schedules .For P-time cultures ,time is l
14、ess tangible and hence feeing of wasted time are not as prevalent as M-time cultures .Proverbs :(1) even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor (一人得道，鸡犬升天)it represents that the collective nature of Chinese values is largely the product of thousands of years of living and working together on th
15、e land .collectivism is characterized with a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group (relatives ,clans, organizations )member to look after them .individual identity is based on the social system .the individual is emotionally dependen
16、t on organizations and institutions ,that is their in-group framework ,if one of the in-group member ,especially the head of the in-group ,gets a great success ,all the others can get benefit from him .(2) when everybody adds fuel the flames rise high ,the more people the more strength (众人拾柴火焰高) it
17、shows the collectivism orientation of Chinese people in their work .they are great readiness to cooperate with ingroup members .they tend to have a homogeneous work fore with little differentiation between managers and workers .the high value placed on the collective fosters mutual dependence in a g
18、roup-oriented environment :they interact and conduct work activities as group efforts ,depending heavily upon one another .in collectivism-oriented culture .everyone has duty to contribute his most to the collective .(3) better to be a fool with the crowd than wise by oneself . it shows that mexican
19、 Americans have most of the characteristics of collectivism .they put more emphasis on beliefs shared with the ingroup rather than beliefs that distinguish self from ingroup and great readiness to cooperate with ingrooup membership (4) a man in king in his home it shows that they tend toward a mascu
20、line world view .sex roles in a masculine society are clearly differentiated ,with men taught to be assertive and women nurturing .Terms/questions:1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows,
21、migration, and the spread of technology. 2. Barber system Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compressi
22、on All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds i
23、n the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception 7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, w
24、hat people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning ones culture are called en
25、culturation9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义): the belief that your own cultural background is superior.11. Communication: mean to share with or to make c
26、ommon, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.12. Components of Communication：Source交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.Encoding编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. You
27、r communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel交际渠道The term
28、channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.Noise干扰The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the sour
29、ce encodes.Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver response接受反应The
30、 receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns
31、 meaning.Context场景The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.13. Pragmatics语用学: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.14. S
32、emantics语义学：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.15. Denotation：the literal meaning or definition of a word - the explicit, particular, defined meaning. 16. Connotation：the suggestive meaning of a word - all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a
33、 word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons. 18. Euphemism委婉语：means the act of subs
34、tituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.19. Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time. 20. Proxemics（空间学）： refers to the perception and use of space.21. kinesics（肢体语言）：The study of body language . 22. Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving soun
35、ds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication . 23. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.24. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once25. Planetary culture行星文化: is explored, which integrates Eastern my
36、sticism with Western science and rationalism.26.Intercultural personhood(跨文化人格)：Represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.1. What are the four trends that lead to the
37、development of the global village？ P89Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative communication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations2. What are the three aspects where cultural differences exist?Verbal difference: lan
38、guage, thought patternsNon-verbal communication: body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environmentPerception: values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes3. What are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分（three Ingredients）P56An shared artifact（the material and spiritual products pe
39、ople produce）shared Behavior（what they do）shared Concepts（beliefs, values, world viewswhat they think）4. How to understand cultural Iceberg?P67Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is
40、 visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only b
41、e suspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (P7)5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentricCulture is shared. All co
42、mmunications take place by means of symbols.Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from ones social environment, not from ones genes. Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning ones culture are called enculturation .Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to ch
43、ange. Its dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture
44、is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.6. What are the six characteristics of communication? Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextualCommun
45、ication is dynamic. Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.Communication is irreversible. Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the messag
46、e, the original sender cannot take it back.Communication is symbolic. Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person.Communicati
47、on is systematic Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction.Communication is transactional. (P8) A transactional view holds that communicators
48、are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation.Communication is contextual. (P8) All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being toge
49、ther, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.7. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(三方面)P2224In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed. Addressing by names: In Chin