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1、新闻传播学导论4（Introduction to journalism and communication 4）Spread the psychological pressure, can enhance the sense of responsibility and enhance the communication ability of the networkOpposite the main entranceThree. Feedback the response of the sender to the message transmitted by the transmitterA r
2、esearchSend information guidanceJackie33623039Communicator 48 code industryExplanation kaoyangjReduction industryCode number 48 is transmitted by all participantsInterpretation counselingReduction of 021-The front door of B is oppositeInterest C 200092Streaming D classFeedback information across the
3、 main entrance33626038Feedback effective feedback: the sender sends out and senses the communicator, thus strengthening or modifying the feedback of the original communication behaviorIneffective feedback: it is not accepted by communicators, and therefore does not help to change the feedback of its
4、 communication behaviorIt is the disseminators responsibility to provide more channels for positive feedbackThe communicators behavior is always active, and the feedback of the sender is passiveOnly by reasonably using feedback and improving the content and mode of communication can the communicator
5、s produce new purposeful behaviorsThe feedback of news communication is slow, sporadic and indirect, and the quality of return is not highFeedback: the process that the sender sends out the given information, acts on the sender, and then returns to the sender and affects the re output of the informa
6、tionNegative feedback: make a given information close to the target valueMake communication purpose close to social effectCommunicators use negative feedback to regulate the spread of behavior, which is more consistent with the dissemination of communication targetPositive feedback: the deviation of
7、 the given information from the target valueThe difference between the given information and the real information tends to aggravate the movement of the system deviating from the targetThe occurrence and aggravation of deviation will make the communication purpose and social big system produce more
8、and more distanceKeeping the given information close to the real information is the key to the effective communication of the communicatorTrue feedback: the true reflection of the given information received by the sender, publicly expressing disapproval or approvalThe product of democratic society a
9、nd freedom of speech, communicators can perceive the true attitude, wishes and requirements of the senderFalse feedback: the psychological illusion that the sender is masked and covered with the truthThe communicators will lead astray, which will lead to the deviation of the content and mode of comm
10、unication in the future, deviate from the target and cause lossesExternal feedback: the reaction produced by external forces, that is, the senders understanding and response to the message produced by the senderThe main form of information feedback is the main basis for communicators to regulate the
11、 purpose of communicationInternal feedback: the communicators psychological reaction in the process of outputting information, also known as self feedbackIt includes the information response of the host to me and the information response of the passive personnel in the media organization to the acti
12、ve personnelGenerally speaking, before external feedback, external feedback can be expected, so as to consciously adjust the spread, which helps to optimize the effect of communicationUltimately, it can not replace the direct influence of external feedback, and may have adverse effectsExternal feedb
13、ack is the evidence of internal feedbackThe internal feedback is reflected and feedback, and information feedback of virtual imageExternal feedback is the main information response, the role of direct, important, impact, we should attach great importance toThe role of internal feedback is indirect,
14、secondary and non impulsive, and should be paid attention to by internal pipeline reflectionThe fifth chapter is about the requirements of news communicationTrue, objective, fair, comprehensive and quickSection 1. The real requirements of news communicationNews must be trueAuthenticity of news commu
15、nication: the coincidence of news report and objective reality reflected by news reportNews report is the reflection of objective facts in the communicators mind and the materialized product released to the sender through some symbolThe externalization (the product of the subject of cognition) must
16、be in line with the object of the report, otherwise it is false report or untrue reportNews communication must be true, and it is the requirement of communication effect,Communication must be effective, and it is the ultimate purpose of communication activitiesTo ensure the dissemination of facts ex
17、ist:The fact that the process of communication is seeking truthThe result of communication is completely identical with the originalReason: both sides require the whole process of news communication to be factual, without adding any additional elementsThe basic law of news communication requires tha
18、t the mission of journalism can be realized only by providing factual reportsTruthful reporting is the application of the line of seeking truth from facts, and it is also the requirement of Communication WorkersTwo. The scientific meaning of the authenticity of news communicationThe basic requiremen
19、t of factual truth, also called detail truthNews elements of news events, that is, the 5 W, must be authentic and reliableThe details should be well grounded elementsAll information cited requires reliabilityThe whole truth of the true news report is exactly the same as that of the real lifeThe esse
20、ntial truth reveals the origin and development of the fact and its essence by means of factual reportsThree. Causes and prevention of untrue news(1) bad quality of news providers(two) the reasons for the quality, knowledge and style of news editors(three) news gatekeepers take formalism because of s
21、elf-interest or small group interests, causing serious social impactTo prevent and control the seriousness of the harmfulness of news inaccuracy, we should pay attention to and overcome the inaccuracy of newsFrom the system construction, establish and perfect the prevention of false reports came out
22、, punish counterfeiters regulationsDo a good job of cleaning up the news report team, excluding bad quality and deceitThe press legislation, the use of legal weapons, with the bad phenomenon of false news personal struggle, against counterfeitersTo rectify the Party style and Chunhua customs, to tak
23、e the lead, to advocate true news, and to oppose false reportsFirst, the comprehensive grasp of the authenticity of news communication(1) general understanding of social lifeTo accurately grasp the goodness, evil two kinds of facts reported proportion(two) accurate grasp of two positive and negative
24、 aspects in news disseminationWe should have a correct understanding of the positive reports and negative reports, and have proper reflection in the news reports, so as to achieve the overall reality(three) the scientific control of the flow of news communicationThe flow of news communication should
25、 reflect and maintain the balance of the quality and quantity of all sides of the society(four) moral considerations of news communication factsReporting in time, not hurting people at the same time(five) the dialectical balance of the effect of news communicationAnd sometimes the truth of news repo
26、rtsThe objective requirements of the second section of news communicationFirst, the news must be objectively reported in accordance with the true nature of thingsContent: the fact of news reporting is an objective thing, person or eventForm: the tendentiousness shown in news, realized by the logical
27、 force of the facts reported, adopts the method of objective statementThe reasons for news reporting are the recent facts. The reports must be objective and completely consistent with the factsOnly objective dissemination of news, there is strength. False news causes the sender to lose interest and
28、doubt the mediaThe news tendency of objective reports shows that the communicators are easy and willing to accept, so as to realize the purpose of communicatorsThis is one of the basic skills of journalists and one of the signs of news reporters maturity and sophisticationTwo. The scientific meaning
29、 of the objectivity of news communicationContent: an objective or objective fact of occurrence and developmentForm: through the objective narration of news facts, using the logic of facts to show the tendentiousness of news disseminationThree. Not objective reportingObjectivity and position are not
30、contradictoryDirect statements and other foreign elements are unnecessaryThere is a fundamental difference between objectivism and objective reporting, not the factsThe third section of the fair requirements of news communicationFirst, journalism must be fairFairness: fairness principle or equality
31、principle. It means that news media provide equal access to media for both sides of the disputeReasonThe social responsibility of the disseminators and the news media is the objective existence of the audience, and the objective situation that people evaluateNews media is the public instrument of so
32、ciety, and communicators should provide equal opportunities to the publicTwo. The scientific meaning of the fairness of news communicationOne side opinion that does not report facts in ones own position and offers ones favor; distorts the report of the other or its own objectionNot to report facts i
33、n ones own position, mislead the audience, and cause pressure and harm to different opinionsThe right and opportunity of depriving others of using media to spread their position and opinions are not in their own positionCommunicators have social responsibility and professional ethics to protect citi
34、zens equal access to media rights and opportunitiesCommunicators do not enjoy the dissemination of their own opinions and one-sided facts, as well as the privilege and freedom to communicate openly with others by suppressing their opinions and other factsThree. The proof of unfair reports(1) favorin
35、g one side and suppressing the other(two) strong twist, one-sided reporting(three) the imposition of arbitrary.(four) it is difficult to argue without correction(five) the author has the right and the reader has no rightFour. Justice and tendencyJustice: the basis of media and communicators, based o
36、n social credibilityIt is the basis for the existence of tendentiousness, and the premise of social effectThe tendency to be unfair is lack of power and lack of authorityThe fourth section: the comprehensive requirement of news communicationFirst, the news communication must strive to be comprehensi
37、veIt refers to all facts, situations and opinions provided in the news communication, not one-sided reporting and concealing factsIt is the common demand of the society and the public for the news communication, and is the professional pursuit of the media and Communication WorkersReason：Comprehensi
38、ve report is the premise of realizing authenticity, objectivity and impartiality of news communicationIt helps the audience understand the whole situation, understand the whole of things, and know the whole process of events, and ultimately realize the ultimate goal of news communicationFull report
39、and comment on facts are the social responsibility of communicators, the requirements of communication behavior and professional normsTwo. The scientific meaning of the comprehensiveness of news communicationTo provide the public with a comprehensive, not one-sided, the whole is not sporadic, the co
40、rrect is not distorted facts, situations and opinionsThe process of reporting news facts is complete, the plot is detailed, the details are detailed and the important process and plot are explained, and the person who is unknown is explainedThe analysis of social phenomena provides a wide range of m
41、aterials, the analysis is not biased, so that the public can independently draw their own impressions and conclusionsWe should give full consideration and full coverage of all kinds of situations, opinions and opinions to the reports of disputes, without imposing our viewsThree. Disclosure and preve
42、ntion of incomplete news dissemination(1) reporting facts and ignoring the other side(two) review the facts, speak only one side, ignore the other side(three) analyze and report social phenomena, but only pay attention to one tendency and cover up another tendencyTo overcome the one sidedness of ide
43、ology and to oppose subjectivism simply ignoring the law of propagation is the necessary condition to ensure the comprehensivenessFour. The unity of choice, synthesis, typicality and synthesisThe choice is based on a comprehensive grasp of the facts; the correct choice is to provide more comprehensi
44、ve reports and sexual relationsIt does not blur the tendency and position of the news due to the selective damage to comprehensiveness; nor does it affect reputation image because of the selective damage to the comprehensivenessGrasping the typical is one of the traditional methods of work. It is th
45、e characteristic of Chinese journalism and communication, and it is the correct handling of the relationship between selection and comprehensiveTypical reports are of great significance for implementing the propaganda intention of the party and the state, encouraging and encouraging the enterprising
46、 spirit of the massesTypical reports and comprehensive grasp of the overall situation, repeated detailed comparative analysis of all aspects of the facts can not be separatedIt is indispensable to pay attention to both typical and comprehensive reportsThe fifth section news dissemination fast reques
47、tFirst, news must be promptly and promptlyTimeliness: the time gap between news release and news fact occurrence, the smaller the time distance, the better the dissemination effect, the more valuable the news disseminationTimeliness: the occurrence of facts and the length of time reported as news facts, and the relevance of the social effects aroused by the publication of newsThe time limit of social effect in news productionThe meaning is more abundant, not limited to quick, but the basic spirit is still fast, timely dissemination of news effect of the fundamen