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1、生物医学工程（biomedical engineering）生物医学工程（生物医学工程、生物医学工程）是一门生物、医学和工程多学科交叉的边缘科学，它是用现代科学技术的理论和方法，研究新材料、新技术、新仪器设备，用于防病、治病、保护人民健康，提高医学水平的一门新兴学科。生物医学工程在国际上做为一个学科出现，始于20世纪50年代，特别是随着宇航技术的进步、人类实现了登月计划以来，生物医学工程有了快速的发展。在我国，生物医学工程做为一个专门学科起步于20世纪70年代，中国医学科学院、中国协和医科大学原院校长、我国著名的医学家黄家驷院士是我国生物医学工程学科最早的倡导者。1977年中国协和医科大学生物
2、医学工程专业的创建、1980年中国生物医学工程学会的成立，有力地推进了我国生物医学工程的发展目前，我。国许多高校科研单位均设有生物医学工程机构，从事着生物医学的科研教学工作，在我国生物医学工程科学事业的发展中发挥着重要作用。显微镜的发明”解剖”一词由希腊语“解剖”转译而来，其意思是用刀剖割，肉眼观察研究人体结构。17世纪李文霍克发明了光学显微镜，推动了解剖学向微观层次发展，使人们不但可以了解人体大体解剖的变化，而且可以进The changes of cell morphology and structure were observed. With the advent of optical m
3、icroscopy, medical field has been bornThe cytological, histological and cellular pathology were improved, so that the medical research was improved to the cellular morphology level.The resolution of ordinary optical microscope can only reach micron (m) level, and it is difficult to distinguish virus
4、 and cellHyperfine structure, nuclear structure, DNA and other macromolecular structures. And the electron microscope that appeared in 1960s,To enable people to observe tiny individuals at the nanoscale (nm), to study the ultrastructure of cells. Optics, microscopy, and electricityThe invention of s
5、ub microscopes are the results of medical engineering research, and they play an important role in promoting the development of Medicine.Imaging diagnosis has made leaps and bounds. Imaging diagnosis is the most important and fastest growing field of medical diagnosis in the twentieth CenturyOne of。
6、 In 50s, X fluoroscopy and radiography were the most commonly used imaging diagnostic methods, and today it is due to X-ray CT techniquesThe appearance and application of the technique make a great leap in the diagnostic level of the imaging, thus greatly improving the clinical diagnostic waterPing.
7、 Computed tomography CT (computer tomography), that is, the use of computer technology to deal with peopleSectional visualization of tissue and organs. The amount of information provided by X-ray CT to doctors is far greater than that of ordinary radiographsInformation received. At present, spiral C
8、T (spiral, CT or helicalet CT) has been published and can be scanned quicklyAnd reconstruction images, which replace the majority of traditional CT in clinical applications, improve the diagnostic accuracy 1. Medical ScienceEngineering research uses biological tissue hydrogen, phosphorus and other a
9、tomic nuclear magnetic resonance (nu, clear, magnetic, resonanc)E) principle. An MRI computerized tomography system (MRI) has been developed, which not only can distinguish pathological anatomyChanges in structural morphology can also be used to identify early changes in tissue, biochemical, and fun
10、ctional changes, indicating that certain diseases are presentEarly change of valence segment is helpful for early diagnosis. It can be argued that advances in MRI engineering have facilitated medical diagnosisThe trend of combining learning with function and morphology has been extended to ultra fas
11、t imaging, quasi real time dynamic MRI, MRA and FMDevelopment of RI and MRS. According to the nuclear medical tracer, the principle of positron emission nuclide (18F, 11C, 13N) is used,Created by positron emission tomography (PET) is the most advanced imaging diagnostic technique at present. America
12、n news mediaRank PET as the top ten medical biotechnology. PET came out only 30 years ago, but it has shown a swellingImportant value in the study of tumor, cardiology, neurology, organ transplantation, and new drug development 2.The continuous improvement of imaging diagnosis is closely related to
13、the development of Biomedical Engineering Technology in twentieth Century.Interventional medicine, interventional medicine is a minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment technology. Dotter and Judkin (1964) was the first to use interventional techniques to treat diseases. They used catheters to tre
14、at obstructive arterial disease of the lower extremitiesSuccessful expansion therapy. In 1967, Margulis first used interventional radiology (Interventional, Ra)Diology) this is the earliest record of the word intervention in the medical literature.Gruenzing succeeded in 1977After the success of the
15、first coronary balloon dilatation, interventional diagnostic techniques were minimally invasivePatient suffering less, safe and effective and very popular with the clinic. In 1980s, with the development of Biomedical EngineeringShow high precision computerized image inspecting instrument, digital su
16、btraction angiography (DSA), radiofrequency ablation technology andInterventional techniques used in polymer (high-polymer) new materials have been used in various conduits to make interventionalRapid progress has been made in the field of diagnosis and treatment, and the clinical application has be
17、en expanded from cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and non vascularThe lumen organ to some malignant tumor and so on has the indication which uses the interventional diagnosis and treatment, and causes the diagnosis and treatment effect to enhance obviouslyPatients may suffer from many major surgeries
18、. Some people regard interventional diagnosis and treatment as medicine treatment and operation diagnosis and treatmentOne of the three clinical diagnostic and therapeutic technologies in coordination has also been referred to as the development of interventional diagnosis and treatment in twentieth
19、 CenturyNew field of clinical medicine interventional medicine 3, 4.The application of artificial organs, when human organs are injured, can not be treated by conventional methods, modern clinical medicineTreatment techniques may use an artificial device to replace diseased organs or compensate for
20、their physiological functionsThis device is called an artificial organ (artificial, organ). Rheumatic heart, as before 1950sIn addition to the use of antirheumatic drugs and cardiac medications in the treatment of valvular diseases, it is difficult to treat the valve of the lesionRepair and improvem
21、ent, many patients died due to heart failure.Today, cardiopulmonary bypass can be applied to the heart and lungIncision of the heart under cardiac arrest, replacement of artificial valves, or repair of atrial septal defectMake heart valve disease and congenital heart disease recover. Cardiac surgery
22、 is the way it is todayIt is mainly due to the advent of artificial heart lung machines and the use of artificial heart valves, artificial blood vessels and other new materialsResults of new technology 5.Renal failure and uremia are worse, and artificial kidney hemodialysis has saved a lot of nephro
23、pathyThe life of advanced patients has also improved greatly in the treatment of nephropathy.In modern biomedical engineering, the development of artificial organs is very rapid. Besides the artificial organs mentioned above, artificial organs are closedDay, artificial cardiac pacemaker, artificial
24、heart, artificial liver, artificial lung has been applied in clinical, so that thousands ofThe majority of the patients recovered. It can be said that all kinds of organs in the body can not be replaced by artificial organs except the brain,The other organs have the possibility of replacing with art
25、ificial organs.In addition, radiation medicine, ultrasound medicine, laser medicine, nuclear medicine, medical electronic technology, computer remoteMedical technology and other advanced medical technology and instruments are the results of modern medical engineering research and developmentIt can b
26、e seen that the development of Biomedical Engineering in twentieth Century has significantly improved the level of medical diagnosis and treatmentThe progress of medical science is moving.In twenty-first Century, biomedical engineering looked at the history of the birth and development of new medica
27、l technology and discovered it from roentgenX-ray to today X ray diagnostic technology development, from Lowndes million found that ultrasound to today B ultrasound diagnosis of widespread useFrom Bloch and Bersel, the discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance to todays MRI was invented from Hess Fiel
28、d to CT todayThe application of C T imaging system is based on the physics engineering technology and the medical demandNew medical technology. Following the trajectory of medical development in the twentieth Century, we have reason to predict new medical treatment in the twenty-first CenturyTechnol
29、ogy may have major breakthroughs and innovations in the following 10 aspects:(1) all kinds of diagnostic instruments and experimental devices tend to be computerized and intelligent, and remote medical information is networked,Robots for diagnosis and treatment will be widely used. 6(2) intervention
30、al minimally invasive non-invasive diagnosis and treatment technology occupies an increasingly important position in clinical medical treatment. Laser techniqueNanotechnology and implantable micro robots will play an important role in many fields of medical treatment.(3) medical practice found that
31、a single instrument can not meet the needs of morphological image examination for early diagnosis of disease. along withWith the advent and application of PET and the combination of form and function, a new detection system will be developed greatly. Non imaging agentType of cardiovascular and cereb
32、rovascular imaging examination system will be unveiled in twenty-first Century.(4) biological materials and tissue engineering will be greatly developed, and bio mechanical and biological artificial organs will be developedWith new breakthroughs, artificial organs will be widely used in clinical med
33、icine.(5) the new drug delivery technologies and devices combined with the combination of drugs and drugs will be greatly developedSustained-release material, drug coating, penetration material,Epithelial and tissue growth degradable material reversible reversible fertility sterilizationNew breakthr
34、oughs will be made in materials and biological hemostasis materials.(6) the future medical treatment will be dominated by the treatment type and change to the preventive health care mode. For this purpose, for the community,Family, personal medical care, medical instruments, rehabilitation health ca
35、re equipment, and micro health self monitoring medical instrumentsAnd supplies will have a wide range of needs and applications.(7) in addition to continuing efforts to strengthen the prevention and treatment of biological diseases, the prevention of mental, psychological and social diseasesMore and
36、 more attention has been paid to the development of treatment techniques and corresponding instruments and equipment,Psychological comfort, biofeedback, diagnosis and treatment technology and equipment will be a new starting point of biomedical engineering.(8) trauma is the main cause of death among
37、 young people. New trauma protection devices and life emergency aid are developedSystem is an important subject of Biomedical Engineering in the future.(9) the upcoming twenty-first Century is the era of molecular biology, and new technologies for the diagnosis and treatment of molecular biology wil
38、l be fastRapid development of genetic, disease, gene diagnosis, biotechnology, and microelectronics technologies combined with DNA chips and snowWhite chips and diagnostic systems will be widely used.(10) air pollution and environmental pollution seriously endanger human health, and study and develo
39、p labor protection and family insuranceThe artificial climate micro environment for health and personal protection is a problem that can not be ignored in the future.In 1997, our country issued the decision on the reform and development of health work, and put forward the goal: to 2.000 years, the b
40、asic realization of health care for all primary health care,By 2010, the main indicators of national health were in the economyDeveloped areas have reached or close to the level of the worlds moderately advanced countries, and reached the developing countries in less developed areasAdvance level. In
41、 1999, the Ministry of science and technology held a seminar on the development of biomedical engineering technology strategy, the stateInstitute of engineering has carried out the development of Chinas medical equipment industry strategic research, etc., to promote the biomedical engineering indust
42、ryDevelopment and implementation of innovative project strategic layout plays an important role. In twentieth Century, human beings fought against diseases in medicineThe diagnosis and treatment has made great achievements in technology, but we should mobilize and adjust to the great challenges facing the twenty-first CenturyPolicies, formulate plans, reform the old models of medical research teaching and give full play to the advantages of modern scientific and interdisciplinary cooperationTo create new biomedicine for the benefit of the people.