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1、高中化学知识网络框架（High school chemistry knowledge network framework）Chemical knowledge networkBasic concepts and theories of ChemistryElements and compoundsFundamentals of Organic ChemistryChemical calculationchemical experimentKnowledge of chemical industryBasic concepts and theories of ChemistryClassific
2、ation of substancesThe relation between particles constituting an atomNuclear charge number (Z) = proton number inside nucleus = outside nucleus electron numberMass number (A) = proton number (Z) + neutron number (N)Periodic law of elements and periodic tableChemical bonds and molecular structuresCr
3、ystal types and propertiesCrystal typeProperty comparisonIonic crystalsMolecular crystalAtomic crystalMetallic crystalstructureConstituent particlesAnion and cationmoleculeatomMetal cations and free electronsInterparticle interactionIonic bondVan Edward forcecovalent bondMetal bondPhysicsNatureMelti
4、ng Point and Boiling PointhigherlowVery highHigh and lowhardnessHard and crispSmalllargeHaving large or small or malleable propertiesSolubilitySoluble in polar solvents, insoluble in non-polar solventsPolar moleculeEasily soluble in polar solventsInsoluble in any solventDifficult to dissolve (sodium
5、, etc with water)Electric conductivityCrystal does not conduct electricity;Water soluble in solution conducts electricity; melts and conducts electricityCrystals are electrically non-conductive and soluble in water; ionized by water; electrically conductivePoor (semiconductor Si)Good conductor (cond
6、uction, heat transfer)Typical exampleNaCl, NaOHNa2O, CaCO3Dry ice, white phosphorusIce, sulfurDiamond, SiO2Crystalline silicon, SiCNa, Mg, AlFe, Cu, ZnChemical reaction typeIon reactionThe correlation of concepts related to redox reactionsThe change of energy in a chemical reactionSolution and collo
7、idRate of chemical reactionchemical equilibriumIonization equilibrium of weak electrolyteAcidity and basicity of solutionhydrolysis of saltsacid-base neutralization titrationElectrochemistryReturn top of pageElements and compoundsSodium and its compoundsalkali metalChlorine and its compoundshalogenO
8、xygen group elementImportant compounds of sulfurCarbon and its compoundsSilicon and its compoundsMaterial SciencePnictogensNitrogen and phosphorusammonianitric acidMagnesium and aluminiumIron and its compoundsCopper and its compoundsReturn top of pageFundamentals of Organic ChemistryhydrocarbonUnsat
9、urated hydrocarbonsAromatic hydrocarbonclassificationThe general formulaStructure characteristicsChemical propertyPhysical propertyIsomerismalkaneCnH2n+2(n = 1)C-C single bondThe hydrocarbonSubstitution reaction with halogen (Guang Zhao)CombustionCracking reactionGenerally, with the increase of the
10、number of carbon atoms in the molecule, the boiling point rises and the density increases when the liquid state increases. The number of gaseous carbon atoms is 14. Insoluble in water; the density of liquid hydrocarbons is smaller than waterCarbon chain isomerismolefinCnH2n(n = 2)Contains a CC keyTh
11、e hydrocarbonAdd reaction with halogen, H, H2O and so onDimerization reactionOxidation reaction: burning, oxidized by KMnO4 acid solutionCarbon chain isomerismPositional isomerismAlkyneCnH2n-2(n = 2)Contains a CC keyThe hydrocarbonAddition reactionOxidation reaction: burning, oxidized by KMnO4 acid
12、solutionCarbon chain isomerismPositional isomerismbenzeneandhiswithsystemmatterCnH2n-6(n = 6)Contains a benzene ringThe side chain is alkane radicalSubstitution reaction: halogenation, nitration and sulfonationAddition reactionOxidation reaction: combustion, benzene homologues can be oxidized by KMn
13、O4 acid solutionA simple homologue; liquid at room temperature; insoluble in water; less dense than waterIsomerism resulting from size and relative position of side chainsDerivatives of hydrocarbonsStructure, general formula and chemical property identification of hydrocarbon derivativescategoryfunc
14、tional groupStructure characteristicsThe general formulaChemical propertyhalogengenerationhydrocarbon-X (halogen atom)The C-X bond breaks under certain conditionsCnH2n+1O2(saturated one dollar)(1) NaOH water heating, substitution reaction(2) NaOH alcohol solution heats up and eliminates the reaction
15、alcohol-OH (Qiang Ji)(1) -OH is directly linked to the alkyl group(2) hydrogen atoms are active on -OHCnH2n+2O2(saturated one dollar)(1) substitution: dehydrated into ether, alcohols, sodium, alcohols and carboxylic acids into esters, halogenated into halogenated hydrocarbons(2) oxidation to aldehyd
16、es (-CH2OH)(3) elimination of alkenealdehyde(1) the aldehyde group has carbon oxygen double bond(2) the aldehyde group can only be attached to the base of the hydrocarbon chainCnH2nO2(saturated one dollar)(1) addition: adding H2 into alcohol(2) oxidation: carboxylic acidCarboxy(1) -COOH can ionize H
17、+(2) -COOH is difficult to addCnH2nO(saturated one dollar)(1): perforating with acid acid(2) esterification can be regarded as substitutionesterMust be the hydrocarbon radicalCnH2nO2(saturated one dollar)Hydrolysis of alcohols and carboxylic acidsphenol(1) the hydroxyl group is directly linked to th
18、e benzene ring(2) H on -OH is more active than alcohol(3) H on benzene ring is more active than benzene(1) to be replaced: generate 2,4,6- bromine with tribromophenol(2) acidity;(3) show color: turn purple when Fe3+Material transformation relationshipSugarcategoryGlucosesucrosestarchcelluloseMolecul
19、ar formula(C6H12O6)(C12H22O11)(C6H10O5)(C6H10O5)Structure characteristicsPolyhydroxy aldehydeNo aldehyde radical, non reducing sugar in the moleculeA natural polymer compound consisting of several hundred to several thousand glucose unitsA natural polymer compound consisting of several thousands of
20、glucose unitsMain propertyWhite crystals, soluble in water, sweet. Both oxidation and reduction, esterification can also occur, and can be fermented to produce BColorless crystal, soluble in water, sweet. Free of hydrolysis; capable of hydrolysis to produce glucose and fructoseWhite powder, insolubl
21、e in cold water, partly soluble in hot water. Capable of hydrolysis; finally producing glucose; in the case of starch turns blue; without reductionColorless odorless solid. Insoluble in water and organic solvents. It can hydrolyze glucose to produce esterification reaction without reductionImportant
22、 useNutrient substances, confectionery, reducing agentsfoodFood, glucose, ethanolMaking paper, making explosives, artificial fibresGreaseThe general formulaPhysical propertyChemical propertyDensity is smaller than water, insoluble in water, soluble in gasoline, ether, benzene and other organic solve
23、nts.1. hydrolysis:Acidic conditionAlkaline conditions saponification reaction2. hydrogenated (hardened)Proteins and amino acidscategoryAmino acidProteinStructure characteristicsThe molecule has both an acidic radical (Suo Ji) and an alkaline group (An Ji), which is a amphoteric substanceA polymer co
24、mpound formed by the combination of different amino acids. There are carboxyl and amino groups in the molecule, and they are also amphoteric substancesMain propertyIt can react with acid and react with alkaliMolecules can be combined with each other to form macromolecular compoundsHaving two sexesHy
25、drolysis under the action of acid or alkali or enzyme, and finally obtain many kinds. - amino acidsSalting outDenaturationSome proteins are yellow in case of concentrated HNO3The burning smell of burnt feathersThe protein solution for colloidSynthetic material (organic macromolecule compound)Basic c
26、onceptBasic conceptMonomerStructural unit (link)Polymerization degreeHigh polymerMeaningA small molecule that can synthesize a polymer compound; usually unsaturated or containing two or more functional groupsThe smallest recurring part of a molecule in a polymerThe number of repeats in each polymer
27、linkA relatively large molecular mass consisting of monomers that have a relative molecular mass ranging from thousands to tens of thousandsExamples (taking polyethylene as an example)CH2=CH2-CH2-CH2-NStructure and propertyLinear polymerShape (reticular) polymerstructureA chain of molecules in which
28、 atoms are covalently bonded to each other into a long coiled stateThere are many covalent bonds between the molecular chain and the molecular chain,A network forming three degrees of spaceSolubilityCapable of slowly dissolving in suitable solventsIts difficult to dissolve, but tends to swell to som
29、e extentperformanceThermoplastic, with no fixed melting pointThermosetting and not melted by heatCharacteristicHigh strength, drawing, blowing film, good insulationHigh strength, good insulation and plasticityCommon reaction types of synthetic organic polymersReaction typeconceptSampleAddition polym
30、erizationThe reaction of molecules of relatively small molecular mass with one another to a molecule of relatively large molecular weight.HomopolymerizationThere is only one monomer that occurs in addition to polymerization.CopolymerizationThere are two or more monomers that occur in addition to pol
31、ymerizationNCH2=CH2+nCH2=CH-CH2Polycondensation reactionA monomer with two or more functional groups that combine with each other to form a polymer compound and produce small molecules (such as H2O, HX, NH3, and alcohol) at the same time. (two).The condensation of oxygen atoms in a carbon oxygen dou
32、ble bond with another active hydrogen atom in a molecule.+nH2OPolycondensation of hydrogen atoms in alcohol hydroxyl groups and hydroxyl groups in acid molecules into water.NHOOC-COOH+nHOCH2CH2OH+2nH2OPolycondensation of hydrogen atoms in the carboxyl group with hydrogen atoms in the amino group to
33、form H2O.NH2O- (CH2) 5-NH2+nHOOC- (CH2) 6-COOH+2H2OReturn top of pageChemical calculationThe amount of material and the calculation of molar volume of gas(1) n=, n=, n=N= (standard condition) n=c. V n=(2) M=, m=M, nV= Vm=CB= c1V1=c2V2 (dilute with concentrated solution)Calculation of relative atomic
34、 mass, relative molecular mass and determination of chemical formulaCalculation of material solubility and solution concentrationPH and calculation of the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions concentrationThe calculation of a chemical reaction equationReturn top of pagechemical experimen
35、tBasic operation of chemical experimentLaboratory preparation of common gases and other substancesGas generatorSolid + solid & heatingSolid + liquid not heatedSolid (or liquid) body + liquid heatingFigure 4-1Figure 4-2Figure 4-3Preparation of common gasMaking gasReaction principle (reaction conditio
36、n, chemical equation)Device typeCollection methodMatters needing attentionO22KClO32KCl+3O2 = or= 2KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O2solid+solidA.heatingDrainage methodCheck the tightness of the device.The loaded solid tube mouth slightly downward.First, evenly heated, and then fixed at the drug release heating.Col
37、lect with drainage method, before heating, the air guide should be evacuated from the water before the alcohol lamp can be put outNH32NH4Cl+Ca (OH) 2CaCl2+2NH3 = +2H2OdownExhaust methodCl2MnO2+4HCl = MnCl2+Cl2 (concentrated)+2H2OSolid-liquidBody+ +Liquid liquidBodyA.plusheatUpwardExhaust methodIbid.
38、, iii. The liquid and liquid heating reactor should add porcelain to antibumping.Chlorine gas is poisonous, and tail gas should be absorbed by alkali solution.The temperature of ethylene production should be controlled at about 170 DEG CNO3Cu+8HNO3 (dilute) 3Cu (NO3) 2+2NO = +4H2ODrainage methodC2H4
39、= CH3CH2OHCH2=CH2+H2OH2Zn+H2SO4 (=ZnSO4+H2 = rare)solid+liquidA.NoplusheatCheck the tightness of the device.The use of long neck funnel, the funnel inserted below the liquid level.When using Pu Kai generator, the reactant solid should be massive and insoluble in water (H2, CO2 and H2S available).The
40、 liquid separation funnel is used to control the reaction rate for the production of acetylene.H2S toxic, should be prepared in the fume hood, or absorb the exhaust gas with lye. Thick H2SO4 is not availablePlatoon downQi orDrainage methodC2H2CaC2+2H2O, Ca (OH = CH = 2+CH)CO2CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+CO2 = +
41、H2OUpwardExhaust methodNO2Cu+4HNO3 (concentrated) =Cu (NO3) 2+2NO2 = +2H2OH2SFeS+H2SO4 (=FeSO4+H2S = rare)Gas dryingDrying is the removal of small amounts of moisture in the gas with suitable desiccant and apparatus. Commonly used devices are drying pipes (with solid desiccant) and gas cylinders (wi
42、th liquid desiccant).The selected desiccant does not react with the gas to be retained. Commonly used driers and dried gases are as follows:(1) concentrated sulfuric acid (acid desiccant),:N2, O2, H2, Cl2, CO, CO2, SO2, HCl, NO, NO2, CH4, C2H4, C2H2 and so on (not dry, reducible or alkaline gas).(2)
43、 P2O5 (acid desiccant): dry H2S, HBr, HI and concentrated sulfuric acid, dry gas (not drying, NH3, etc.).(3) anhydrous CaCl2 (neutral desiccant): other gases other than NH3 can be dried (NH3 reacts with CaCl2 to form complex CaCl2 = 8NH3).(4) alkali lime (basic desiccant): dry NH3 and neutral gas (N
44、2, O2, H2, CO, NO, CH4, C2H4, C2H2, etc.). Dry acid gases are not allowed.(5) silica gel (acid desiccant): it can dry Cl2, O2, H2, CO2, CH4, C2H4, C2H2 (silica gel can adsorb water, also easy to absorb other polar molecules, can only dry non-polar molecular gas).(6) other: such as quicklime, NaOH can also be used for drying NH3 and neutral gas (not dry, acidic or can act with the gas).Separation and purification of substances