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1、1,加拿大兽医学Veterinary Medicine in Canada,2,Prepared by:作者简介,韩特博士 Terry D. Hunt B.Sc DVM 1974 年毕业于萨斯克通大学兽医学院 Graduated from WCVM 1974 混合型动物诊所经理 Former Owner/Manager of Mixed Animal Veterinary Practice 兽医顾问 Veterinary Consultant 加拿大兽医协会前理事长 Former President of CVMA,3,4,讨论内容Topics of Discussion,加拿大兽医从业人数
2、Demographics of Veterinarians in Canada 兽医教育 Veterinary Education in Canada 兽医法规 Regulation of Veterinarians in Canada 从业类型 Types of Practice in Canada,5,加拿大兽医教育 Veterinary Education in Canada (DVM),兽医学位前预科教育 Pre-veterinary Degree 4年兽医学位课程(兽医博士)Four year veterinary degree Doctor of Veterinary Medici
3、ne (DVM),6,加拿大兽医教育 Veterinary Education in Canada (DVM),加拿大有四所兽医学院 Four Veterinary Colleges in Canada 2007年开始招生的新兽医学院 New vet college to open in 2007,7,加拿大兽医教育 Veterinary Education in Canada,专业学科研究生 Post graduate degrees with species and/or discipline specialization 临床实习Internships or residencies in
4、 clinical specialties 研究生毕业证书，硕士和博士学位Post-graduate diplomas, masters or PhD in disciplines (Pathology or Epidemiology for example) 要求每年进行再教育延续从业许可证 Requirements for yearly continuing education to maintain licensure,8,动物健康技术毕业证书ANIMAL HEALTH TECHNOLOGYDIPLOMA,中学毕业后2-3年证书教育Either a two or three year p
5、ost secondary diploma 课程设置需经加拿大兽医协会批准和认证Curriculum is approved and accredited by the CVMA 在兽医的指导下工作Work under the direct supervision of a veterinarian 兽医法规定了其工作范围Scope of work limited by veterinary act 不能从事诊断和手术No diagnosis and no surgery,9,第一年课程First Year Courses,秋季学期Fall Semester - September to De
6、cember ANHT1003Animal Handling动物处理技术 ANHT2002Field Experience I田间经验 ANHT2025Laboratory Orientation for Animal Health动物健康实验室指南 ANHT2091MedicalTerminology医学术语 ANHT2106Anatomy解剖学 ANHT2185Physiology生理学 ANHT2246Hematology血液学 MATH2311Laboratory Mathematics实验数学 MBIO2124Microbiology微生物学 MGMT1001Team Develop
7、ment团队建设,10,第一年课程First Year Courses,冬季学期Winter Semester - January to April ANHT2072Urinalysis ANHT2222Animal Behavior动物行为学 ANHT3016 Clinical Diagnostic Procedures临床诊断 ANHT3143Animal Nutrition动物营养学 ANHT3153Parasitology寄生虫学 ANHT3213Management Breeds & Genetics繁殖和遗传 ANHT4183Pharmacy药理学 ANSC 3273Animal
8、Welfare 动物福利 MGMT 3152Client Relations in Veterinary Practice兽医诊疗客户服务,11,第二年课程Second Year Courses,秋季学期Fall Semester - September to December ANHT2157Animal Nursing & Restraint动物护理 ANHT3113Diseases of Small Animals小动物疾病 ANHT3135Surgical Assistance外科手术协助 ANHT3165 Anesthesiology麻醉学 ANHT 3175Fundamentals
9、 of Radiology放射基础 ANHT 3182Theriogenology ANHT3193Field Experience II田间经验 ANHT3205Diseases of Large Animals大动物疾病 ANHT4103Veterinary Dentistry兽医牙科 MATH3311Quality Assurance质量保证 OADM1523Basic Office Procedures基础办公程序,12,第二年课程Second Year Courses,冬季学期Winter Semester - January to April ANHT4131Surgical As
10、sistance II外科手术协助 ANHT4153 Animal Nursing and Restraint II动物护理 ANHT4163 Veterinary Emergency & Critical Care AHNT4191Equine Radiology马类动物放射学 ANHT4212 Small Animal Clinical Nutrition小动物营养 校外实习Off Campus Semester - March to June ANHT 482 5Clinic Work Experience临床实习 ANHT 483 5Institutional Practicum,13
11、,兽医许可证和规章制度Licensure and Regulation of Veterinarians,加拿大兽医许可证和制度由省级兽医协会颁发和制定Licensure and Regulation of veterinarians in Canada is the responsibility of provincial associations/boards 动物健康技术员的制度服从省兽医法Regulation of AHTs is under the Provincial Veterinary Acts,14,兽医许可证和规章制度Licensure and Regulation of
12、Veterinarians,申请兽医许可证的人员必须通过被认可的兽医学院A级和B 级的考试Candidates must have graduated from an accredited veterinary college and obtained a passing grade in Parts A & B of the NEB 省上负责继续教育和从业检查Provincial requirements for Continuing Education and Practice Inspection,15,阿尔伯塔省的兽医协会Alberta Veterinary Medical Assoc
13、iation,兽医从业范围由兽医法确定 Scope of Veterinary Practice defined by Veterinary Professions Act 省级立法 Provincial Legislation 兽医资格认证 Defines Veterinary Qualifications,16,阿尔伯塔省的兽医协会Alberta Veterinary Medical Association,保护公众 Protects the Public 确定兽医职责 Regulates what veterinarians can do 职责罢免（如人工授精、修蹄等） Exemptio
14、ns under the act (e.g. AI, hoof trimming),17,民间兽医协会Self Interest Veterinary Associations,加拿大兽医协会 Canadian Veterinary Medical Association (CVMA) 有八个省加入兽医协会 Mandatory membership in 8 of 10 provinces 协会成员有省级、学院和学生代表 Provincial, College and Student representation on Council,18,加拿大兽医协会CVMA contd,宣传兽医 Pro
15、mote Veterinarians to the Public 与政府沟通 Lobby Governments 动物健康和社会福利 Animal Care & Welfare Concerns 提供继续教育和会员服务 Offer Continuing Education & Membership Services,19,其他兽医民间组织Other Veterinary Self-Interest Groups,自愿加入 Voluntary Membership 职业发展和继续教育 Professional Development and Continuing Education 游说政府 L
16、obby Governments,20,其他兽医民间组织Other Veterinary Self-Interest Groups,未来计划 Forward Planning 美洲牛兽医协会 American Assoc Bovine Practitioners (AABP) 美洲动物健康协会 American Animal Health Assoc (AAHA) 世界兽医协会 World Veterinary Association (WVA),21,加拿大的兽医从业Veterinary Practice in Canada,私人兽医 Private Practice 政府兽医 Govern
17、ment Practice 企业兽医 Industrial Practice 学术性兽医 Academic Practice,22,私人兽医Private Practice,从事小动物、大动物和大小动物的私人业主或被私人雇佣 Owners/employees of privately owned small-animal, large animal and mixed-animal practice 由畜主付服务费 Services are paid for by the client 由其从事技术活动的省级机构办法从业资格证书Must be licensed in the province
18、which they practice,23,私人兽医Private Practice,收取服务费或依据合同收费 Work on a fee for service or contract basis 通过销售兽药和疫苗取得收入 Income is also generated from the sale of veterinary drugs and vaccines 如果被政府聘用，可以得到部分费用If employed, may receive profit share or portion of fee,24,政府兽医Government Practice,政府雇佣的兽医 Govern
19、ment employed veterinarians 加拿大食品检验署支付工资和管理Work is regulatory and paid by the government (CFIA) 必须满足省级从业许可的要求Must meet the criteria for provincial licensure 隶属于工会, 工资水平由职业类型, 工作职责和资历决定Belong to a union and pay scale determined by classification, job responsibility and seniority 有很好的福利待遇Good benefit
20、packages,25,政府兽医Government Practice,联邦政府（加拿大食品检验署）Federal (Canadian Food Inspection Agency) 肉类卫生 Meat hygiene 动物健康 Animal Health 进出口草案和监管 Import/Export Protocols & Supervision 诊断实验室Diagnostic labs 研究 Research,26,认证的兽医Accredited Veterinarians,自我聘用的兽医Privately employed veterinarians 由加拿大食品检验署按照特定考试和程序
21、认证Accredited by CFIA to carry out specific tests or procedures 加拿大食品检验署负责认证,但不能颁发从业许可证CFIA controls the accreditation but does not issue the licence to practice 加拿大食品检验署负责认证工作的监督和质量CFIA maintains “oversight” and is responsible to ensure the quality of the accredited work,27,认证的兽医Accredited Veterinar
22、ians,认证兽医提供服务收费由生产者支付Fees charged by the accredited veterinarian are paid for by the producer 在”国家性灾难”发生时, 加拿大食品检验署与认证兽医签定服务合同In times of “National Disaster” accredited veterinarians may be contracted by CFIA,28,政府兽医Government Practice,省政府 Provincial 诊断实验室 Diagnostic Laboratories 动物保健计划 Animal Healt
23、h Programs,29,企业兽医Industrial Practice,为私人工业工作如制药公司 Work for private industry such as pharmaceuticals companies 参与研究和开发、田间试验和市场 Involved with research and development, field trials and marketing 经常在外地工作 Much time spent away from home,30,学术性兽医Academic Practice,由大学或其他教育机构雇佣 Usually employed by a Univer
24、sity or other educational institution 以教学为主同时参与实践和研究 Most often a teaching position which might also include practice and research 以合同的形式工作 May work under contract,31,先锋兽医服务Pioneer Veterinary Services,私营的混合动物诊所 Private Mixed Animal 专业化的诊所 Specialization within the practice 工作分担、随叫随到 Share work load
25、and on call 四个全日制兽医 Four full time veterinarians 购买专门的设备 Purchase of specialized equipment,32,先锋兽医服务Pioneer Veterinary Services,主要进行与生产有关的兽医程序 Most of time spent on Production Related Veterinary Procedures 繁殖率与怀孕检查 Fertility and pregnancy examination 疾病与乳房炎防治计划 Disease & Mastitis Prevention Programs
26、 公牛评定 Bull evaluation,33,34,35,36,37,兽医的未来 Future of Veterinary Medicine,更多的私人从业者 More veterinarians employed in Private Practice 食品动物兽医在食品安全方面扮演重要角色 Food animal veterinarians play a very important role in ensuring safe food 肉类卫生Meat hygiene 寄生虫病Zoonoses 动物健康Animal Health 兽医全球化Globalization,38,社区兽医服
27、务Community Based Veterinary Services,增加非兽医人员提供兽医服务的作用Increased role of non-veterinarians in deliver of veterinary services 动物健康技术员 Animal health technologists 动物健康学士学位人员 Animal health bachelor degree 非兽医博士允许从事兽医工作, 但必须在兽医博士的指导下进行Non DVMs allowed to practice veterinary medicine under the supervision
28、of a DVM,39,其他层面兽医服务的带来的好处Benefits of Another level of Veterinary Service,允许首义博士致力于更复杂的兽医问题Would allow DVM to concentrate on more complicated veterinary matters 服务收费可能更低, 由于教育成本降低Fee for service might be less because less cost of education 在兽医博士的监督下确保服务质量Level of service would still be assured by su
29、pervising veterinarian,40,其他层面兽医服务的带来的好处Benefits of Another level of Veterinary Service,允许从业兽医开发更系统性的技术服务Might allow the practice to develop a more holistic delivery of services 营养 Nutrition 疾病预防 Disease prevention 人道处理和运输 Humane handling/transport 疫病监测 Disease surveillance,41,制约因素Constraints,兽医法限制了非兽医人员的作用At this time, Veterinary acts limit the role of non-veterinarians 兽医博士(DVM )逐渐成为管理者, 而不再只是兽医服务的提供者may become more a manager of people and the practice and less a provider/deliver of veterinary service,42,