《中考英语语法综合熟记手册(全 最新整理).docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《中考英语语法综合熟记手册(全 最新整理).docx（30页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、中考英语语法满分熟记 词类词类英语名称意 义例 词名词The Noun (缩写为n)表示人或事物的名称basket, mouth, hospital, year, train冠词The Article (art)用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物a, an, the 代词The Pronoun (pron)用来代替名词、形容词或数词they, his, him, mine, which, all 形容词The Adjective (adj)用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征long, empty, heavy, different, cheap, hungry 数词The Numeral (n
2、um)表示数量或顺序three, thirteen, twenty, second 动词The Verb (v)表示动作或状态hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing 副词The Adverb (adv)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词quickly, early, out, soon, then, sometimes 介词The Preposition (prep)表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系from, with, at, into, behind, between, for 连词The Conjunction (conj)用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句a
3、nd, or, but, so, because 感叹词The Interjection (interj)表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感oh, hey, ouch, well, there, dear （一）名词： 专有名词：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如 China, John, London, the USA, Harbin .1. 个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。如 boat, chair, desk, apple . 集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如 family, people, class, police . 可数名词 普通名词 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。如 wate
4、r, air, tea, sea, money, cotton . 抽象名词：表示抽象概念的词。如 health, help, work, friendship . 不可数名词2名词的数。可数名词有单复数，不可数名词没有单复数。3名词的格：名词有三个格：主格（作主语）、宾格（作宾语）、和所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。 （二）冠词 1定冠词the . 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。The students are very good. 说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。Where is the toilet ? 重复提到上文的人或事物。I have a cat , the cat is
5、white and black . 表示世界上独一无二的事物。The moon moves around the earth . 形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。I am the oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the south . 乐器的名称前常用定冠词the 。I like playing the piano / violin . 和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表某一类人。We should help the poor . 放在某些专有名词前。We will go to visit the Great Wall
6、 next week . the peoples Republic of China . 放在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇两人。The Whites are watching TV . 固定词组中。In the morning / afternoon / evening . 2不定冠词a / an . 指人或事物的某一种类。A horse is a useful animal. A table has four legs. 指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。Pass me a pencil, please. We write with a pen. 指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。Th
7、e book was written by a peasant. Last month we were working in a factory. 不定冠词还可以指“事物的单位”，如“每日”、“每斤”等。 Here is a letter for you . The meat is 18 yuan a kilo. 3零冠词。 泛指人类或男女。Man will conquer nature . 抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概念时，通常不加冠词。Knowledge begins with practice . 在专有名词前一般不用冠词。China is a great country. Mr Smi
8、th is an artist. 在三餐饭何球类运动名称之前不用冠词。He often goes out for a walk after supper. Sometimes I play basketball. 在节假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。October 10th is Teachers Day. 称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词前不用冠词。Granny is sleeping now. We call him monitor. 在语言名词前，名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时，不用冠词。This is his book. I can speak English . 不用冠词的惯用语。
9、At night / on food / go to town / at home / in class / at work 等。（三）形容词1形容词的构成。 简单形容词由一个单词构成。Good, long, green, large, bright, interesting, surprised, learned, developing, sleeping . 复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。20-minute, second-hand, 500-word, 8-year-old, three-legged, round-trip, part-time, good-looking.2形容词的位
10、置。 形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面。A heavy box. 与表示度量的词连用，形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面。3 metre long. 12 kilometer away . 与不定代词something, anything, everything, nothing 等连用时，可以放在这些词之后。 Something important. nothing serious. 当名词前有多个形容词修饰时，一般按下面的词序排列：美小圆旧黄，法国木书房。Those large round black wooden tables.3形容词的比较级和最高级。（一般加 er / est ，不规则
11、见表） 原级的用法：“和相同” 肯定句：A 动词 as 形容词原级 as B . He is as tall as me . 否定句：A not as 形容词原级 as B （即A 不如 B 那么） A not so 形容词原级 as B = A+ less + 形容词原级than + B . 比较级的用法： A 动词 形容词的比较级 than B . （A 比B 更 ，在这种句型中，比较级前面可用 much, even, still, a little, a bit, a lot, any, far 等修饰，表示“得多”，“甚至”，“更”，“一点儿”。 “比较级 and 比较级”、 “mor
12、e and more 部分双音节或多音节的原级” 译为“越来越”。 最高级的用法：（个体用of ，范围用in，最高级前面要用定冠词the） 三种最高级表示法。 最高级：Shanghai is the largest city in China . 比较级：Shanghai is larger than any other city in China . / China is larger than any country/ other countries in Africa. 原级：No other city is as large as Shanghai in China . / No ot
13、her city is larger than Shanghai in China . one of the +最高级+n.复数 the second +最高级+n.复数 （四） 副词1副词的种类： 时间副词：often, always, usually, early, ago, already, before, ever, late, now, soon, since, tomorrow, just now 地点副词：here, there, above, below, outside, anywhere, back, down, home, out, everywhere 方式副词：har
14、d, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simply, carefully 程度副词：very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough 疑问、关系、连接副词：how, when, where, why, when, where, why, whether 频率副词：often, seldom, usually, never, sometimes, every day, always, hardly 副词： 其他副词：really, certainly, surely, maybe 副词：how, w
15、hen, where, why, 2副词的比较级和最高级。（一般加 er / est ,不规则见表） 用法与形容词用法类似，注意：副词的最高级前通常不加定冠词 the . （五）数词1基数词：2序数词：1-1011-1920-90100-1 first 1st11 eleventh 11th20 twentieth 20th100 one hundredth 100th2 second 2nd12 twelfth 12th21 twenty-first 21st103 one hundred and third 103rd3 third 3rd13 thirteenth 13th30 thir
16、tieth 30th134 one hundred and thirty-fourth 134th4 fourth 4th14 fourteenth 14th37 thirty-seventh 37th200 two hundredth 200th5 fifth 5th15 fifteenth 15th40 fortieth 40th1000 one thousandth 1,000th6 sixth 6th16 sixteenth 16th50 fiftieth 50th1,000,000 one millionth 1,000,000th7 seventh 7th17 seventeent
17、h 17th60 sixtieth 60th1,000,000,000 one billionth 1,000,000,000th8 eighth 8th18 eighteenth 18th70 seventieth 70th9 ninth 9th19 nineteenth 19th80 eightieth 80th10 tenth 10th90 ninetieth 90th（六）代词类 别作 用例 词人称代词代替人或事物，主格作主语，宾客作宾语单 数复 数一二三一二三主 格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾 格meyouhimheitusyouthem物主代词形容词性只作定语，名词性
18、可以作主、宾、表语等，表示所属关系词义类型我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs反身代词起强调作用，只作同位语和宾语数 人称第一人称第二人称第三人称单 数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复 数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves相互代词表示相互关系，作宾语宾 格所 有 格each other（两者相互）each others（相互的）one another（三者或三者以上） one anothers（
19、相互的）指示代词起指示作用This, that, these, those, it, such, same不定代词代替或修饰任何不定数量及不定范围的人或事物some, any, no, none, many, few, little, all, both, every, one, either, neither, other, a few, a little, another, somebody, nobody, nothing, each疑问代词表示疑问，构成特殊问句who, what, whose, which, whom关系代词引导定语从句which, that, who, whom,
20、whose连接代词引导名词性从句what, who, that（七）动词类 别意 义例 子例 句行为动词含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。及物动词后面一定接宾语Open, visit, hear He visited Gaozhou yesterday.不及物动词后面可以不接宾语Laugh, cry, live He lives in Beijing .连系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。Be, become, grow, get, turn, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem The meat sme
21、lls bad .He is a student .助动词本身没有词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式Do, does, didHe doesnt speak English .We are playing football .He had gone to Beijing .情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。Can, may, must, should, need, dear, shall, will, have to She can speak E
22、nglish .May I speak to Ann, please、We must go now . 注：动词（除情态动词，只有原形和过去式）有原形、第三人称单数、动词ing、动词过去式、动词过去分词五种形式。（8） 介词I. 介词分类：1简单介词about, across, through, against, from, but, except, besides, between, among, around, with, after, by, at, below, beyond, under, over, during, in, on, to, off, for2合成介词into, on
23、to, out of, upon, within, without, towards3短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4分词转化成的介词considering(就而论), including5形容词转化成的介词like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII. 常用介词区别：1表示时间的in, on, atat片刻的时间、具体时间点、年龄；in一段的时间、年月季节世纪年代、早中晚；on与日子有关、具体某天、星期、某天的早中晚;固定用法:in the m
24、orning /in the afternoon / in the evening;at noon /at night /at midnight2接在学科前in, on On和in后面接某科目的时候意思差不多，on一般比in更专业( on math高数，in math基础数学)； 3表示时间的since, fromsince 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始，一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。4表示地理位置的in, on, toin在某范围内，on与什么毗邻，to在某环境范围之外、隔海相望5表示“在上”的on, inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某
25、物一部分6表示“穿过”的through, acrossthrough表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关7表示“关于”的about, onabout指涉及到，on指专门论述8between与among的区别between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间9besides, except, except for, but, but for 的区别besides指“除了还有”，except和but指“除了什么”，except for 和but for除了.(整体中的细节)之外/要不是.10表示“用”的in, withwith表示具体的工具，in表示材
26、料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音11as与like的区别as意为“作为，以地位或身份”，like为“象一样”，指情形相似12in与into区别in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置III.常用介词的用法：1.by意为“在之前；不迟于”；for意为“历时之久；持续”；in意为“在以后；在时间内”；since意为“自从以来；自以后”；until用于否定句中，意为“直到才”，。他已经当老师9年了。He has been a teacher _ nine years.我已经在这儿住了10年了。I have lived here _ ten years ago.他十分钟之后
27、将会回来。He will be back _ ten minutes.直到五月，我们才会看到一些花。We dont see any flowers _ May.我明天早晨八点前必须得到校。I must be at school _ eight tomorrow morning.2.表示方式的介词介词用来表交通，常把by, in, on来用；限定、复数用in / on，by要直通海陆空；(骑马、骑车惯用on，小轿车前in才通) by + 交通工具，意为“乘坐”。如：海：by ship / boat / sea 陆：by bus / car / train / bike / taxi 空：by a
28、ir / plane / spaceshipon / in + 限定词 + 交通工具，意为“乘坐”。如：He goes to work on the bike /He goes to work in his car. 他骑自行车 / 开车去上班。on foot为固定短语，意为“步行”。3.表示运动方向的介词 across意为“从表面穿过”，或沿某一条线的方向而进行的动作；through意为 “从内部穿过”，past和by表示“从旁边经过或路过”。如： Please be careful when you go _ the street. Look! The mosquito is trying
29、 to fly _ the window. We often go _ a bakery on our way to school.IV.不用介词的情况today, yesterday, tomorrow等时间状语前；含有last, this, that, these, those, next, every, one, some, all等词的时间状语前；here, there, home, back等副词前。如：We meet every day.（九）连词1并列连词： 表联合关系连词。（and, or, but, for, not onlybut also, as well as, bot
30、hand, neithernor .） 转折连词。（but, while, yet, however .） 选择连词。（or, or else, eitheror, otherwise .）2从属连词： 引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的连用，主要有三个：that, whether, if . I hear that he is a student . 引导状语从句的从属连词：1 连接时间状语从句：when, before, after, while, as soon as, since, until, as, whenever, ever since 2 连接让步状语从句：although,
31、 though, even if, however 3 连接原因状语从句：as, because, since, now that, for 4 连接目的状语从句：that, so that, in order that 5 连接条件状语从句：if, unless, once, in case 6 连接结果状语从句：sothat, suchthat 7 连接方式状语从句：as, as if, as though 8 连接地点状语从句：where .9 连接比较状语从句：as, asas, not as/so as, than （十）非谓语动词1定义：动词除在句子中作谓语以外，还具有名词、形容词
32、及副词的性质，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等，这就是动词的非谓语动词。可分为三种：动词不定式、分词和动名词。2动词不定式：to 动词原形（在某些情况下可以不带to ）。（没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语，有时态和语态的变化） 一般式：主动语态：to do , 被动语态：to be + 动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生) 动词不定式to 的省略：1）在感官动词feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役动词have, let, make等后面要省to，但在变被动语态时要还原不定式to。【例】I often s
33、aw him go out of the room . - He was often seen to go out of the room by me . 2）在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to do ，有时也可以用never + to do 结构。3动名词、现在分词：动词原形ing 。具有名词、动词一些特征。 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生) 用法：1）动名词作主语如果太长，可以用形式主语it代
34、替。Learning English is very important. - Its very important to learn English. 2）No + 动名词表示“禁止”。No smoking. No parking. 3）动名词做主语谓语动词用单数（is, V+s） 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词（v-ing） No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldnt explain the sentence .4. 过去分词 形式：规则动词ed，和不规则动词的过去分词。 过去分词的否定形式：not + 动词过去分词。
35、用法：表示动作在谓语动词之前完成；有被动意义，没有被动语态的形式。 （十一）动词的语态1. 语态定义：英语中表示主语和谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。We teach English in our school .(主动) English is taught in our school .（被动）2. 被动语态：助动词Be + 及物动词的过去分词（be +p.p.），be有人称、时态和数的变化。见下表：时 态谓语动词的形式例 子一般现在时Am / is / are + 动词过去分词Colour
36、TVs are made in the factory .一般过去时Was / were +动词过去分词My hometown was liberated in 1949 .一般将来时Shall / will + be +动词过去分词The film will be shown again .现在进行时Am / is / are + being +动词过去分词The walls are being painted .过去进行时Was / were +being动词过去分词The tickets were being well sold then .现在完成时Has / have + been
37、+ 动词过去分词A new road has been built here .时 态谓语动词的形式例 子过去完成时Had + been +动词过去分词Much had been done before mother came back .含情态动词的被动语态情态动词be动词过去分词The composition must be handed in today .被动语态中值得注意的问题： 带有双宾语的动词，可以把任何一个宾语变被动，一般在间接宾语前加适当的介词。My father gave me a book ./ I was given a book by my father ./ A b
38、ook was given to me by my father . 英语中有些动词用主动语态表示被动语态。The cloth washes well ./ This kind of bags sells well. / The shoes wear long. / The knife cuts well . / The pen writes smoothly . / This coat lasts long . 在英语中有时“be + V-ed”结构并不是被动语态，而是系表结构。The mountains were covered with snow . 在“主语谓语宾语宾语补足语”的结构中
39、，要补留宾语补足语。We found the door broken. / The door was found broken. 宾语补足语为省to的不定式，变为被动语态后，要还原to。He made me laugh. / I was made to laugh . 如果短语动词是及物动词时，可以用被动语态，但不能遗漏所含的介词或副词。The nurse looked after the baby ./ The baby was looked after by the nurse . / We must make up for the lessons we missed. / The les
40、sons we missed must be made up for .（十二）动词的时态：时态表示内容谓语动词的构成常用的时间状语例句一般现在时现阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态动词原形（包括第三人称单数形式s / es）often、usually、always、sometimes、every day、in the morning (afternoon )等He is often late for school.She usually goes to work on foot.一般将来时将要发生的动作或存在的状态shall / will + 动词原形be going to + 动词原形be +
41、 动词ing tomorrow、next week、this month、in an hour、the day after tomorrow 等He will go to Shanghai next week.I am going to buy a book tomorrow.I am flying to Guangzhou next week.一般过去时过去发生的动作或存在的状态动词过去式 （一般ed , 特殊见课本不规则表）yesterday、last week、three days ago、before、 the day before yesterday 等 I finished my
42、homework yesterday.He went to Gaozhou three days ago.现在进行时现在正在进行的动作am / is / are + 动词现在分词now、Its six oclock.也可用look、listen 等词提示They are doing their homework now.Look! The boy is playing basketball.过去进行时过去某个时刻正在进行的动作was / were + 动词现在分词at six yesterday morning、this time yesterday、也可用when等引导的从句I was sl
43、eeping at 11 last night .They were cooking when the bell rang .现在完成时动作发生在过去，已结束，对现在有影响；或者开始在过去一直持续到现在的动作。have / has + 动词过去分词 （一般ed , 特殊见课本不规则表）already、ever、never、just for three days、since 1998 、by the end of this term、yet 等I have already finished my work .He hasnt found out who broke the door.过去完成时过去某个时间之前已经完成了的动作had + 动词过去分词By the end of last month、when、before等引导的从句I had seen the film when I was in college.The meeting had begun before we arrived .过去将来时从过去某个时间看将来发生的动作shou