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1、定语从句一几个基本概念1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。3.定语从句的位置：紧跟先行词（名词或代词）之后。4.引导词：引导定语从句的词（包括关系代词和关系副词）。1关系代词：that/who/whom/which/as2关系副词：when/where/why5.引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前（先行词之后）。【as除外】6.引导词的功能（作用）：1连接先行词和定语从句。2在定语从句中充当一定的成分（关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语）。7.定语从句的类型：1限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间无逗号）。直接由引导词引导定语从句Theman
2、whoyouretalkingtoismyfriend.由介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导Themantowhomyouretalkingismyfriend.IneedapenwithwhichIcanwritealetter.=IneedapieceofpaperonwhichIcanwritealetter.介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如：Theman(who/whom/that)ItalkedaboutatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.=ThemanaboutwhomItalk
3、edatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.Thepalace(which/that)Ioftenpayavisittowasbuiltinthe17thcentury.=ThepalacetowhichIoftenpayavisitwasbuiltinthe17thcentury.2非限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开）。直接由引导词引导定语从句。由介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导。Iliveinahousefarawayfromthecity,infrontofwhichisabigtree.Thereisanappletreestand
4、ingatthegate,onwhicharemanyapples.ThisisthemantowhomIgavethebook.由“代词/名词+of whom/which”或“ofwhich/whom+名词/代词”(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)引导。One,some,any,none,all,both,several,many,most,neither,either等词、数词、分数或百分比与ofwhom或ofwhich连用。Hehasfivechildren,twoofwhomareabroad.(比较：Hehasfivechildren,andtwoofthemareabroa
5、d.)Wehavethreebooks,noneofwhichis/areinteresting.(比较：Wehavethreebooks,butnoneofthemis/areinteresting.)除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外，其余引导词都可以，用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。2.非限定性定语从句的作用：它只是补充说明先行词的情况，翻译时可译成两个句子。Theengineer,whoselegwasbadlyhurt,wasquicklysenttohospital.（那位工程师被很快送往医院，其腿部受了重伤）Th
6、eengineerwhoselegwasbadlyhurtwasquicklysenttohospital.（那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院）3.在非限定性定语从句中，任何引导词都不能省略（包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内）。指人做主语时只能用who,做宾语时用whom;指物做主语，宾语都用which;关系副词用when或where，也不能省略。Theman,_issittingonthechair,ismyfather.Thewoman,_Imetyesterday,ismyEnglishteacher.Thecity,_isfaraway,isverybeautiful.Hew
7、enttoAmerica,_hisparentslive.HejoinedtheArmyyesterday,_Ileft,too.4.whose引导非限定性定语从句：Thehouse,whosewindowfacessouth,ismine.=Thehouse,thewindowofwhichfacessouth,ismine.Thehouse,ofwhichthewindowfacessouth,ismine.二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的主语，不能省略。Doyouknowthegentlemanwho/tha
8、tissittingthere?2.whom/who/that指人是宾格，在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的宾语（动宾或介宾）。当作动宾（动词后接宾语）时，关系代词可省略。Doyouknowthegentleman(whom/who/that)wemetjustnow?当作介宾（介词后接宾语）时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。Theman(whom/who/that)Ispokewithismyteacher.ThemanwithwhomIspokeismyteacher.注：固定的动词短语（动词+介词）如
9、lookfor,takecareof等不能把动词与介词拆开，既介词不能提至引导词前。Sheistherightgirl(who/whom/that)wearelookingfor.3.whose:指人或物，是所有格“的”形式。Whose + n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语（动宾或介宾）即先行词的什么东西怎样了，whose不能省略。Whose + n.=the+n.+ofwhich/whom=ofwhich/whom+the=n.Ididntfindthedeskwhoselegwasbroken.（主语）HeisthestudentwhosepencilIbrokeyesterday.（动
10、宾）ThebossinwhosecompanyIworkisverykind.（介宾）4.which/that指物，指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语（动宾或介宾）。当作动宾时，关系代词可省略。当作介宾时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。Thehousewhich/thatwasdestroyedintheearthquakeisweak.Thepen(which/that)youfoundyesterdayismine.Thegames(that/which)theyoungmencompetedinwe
11、redifficult.Thegamesinwhichtheyoungmencompetedweredifficult.注:介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom，指物用which)。5.as指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语，宾语，表语或状语，不能省略。主要用于“thesameas；suchas；soas；asas；asfollows”固定结构中，形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句。要用as代替who(m),which,或that引导定语从句：SuchpeopleasknewHillthoughthewashonest.SuchpeopleasHillknewthough
12、thewashonest.Myhometownisnolongerthesameasitwas.Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.Thechildknowsasmuchasgrow-ups(know).Idliketohavethesamebooksasareusedinyourschool.HeisnotsuchapersonasIexpected.Hewillmarryasprettyagirlashecanfind.注：which和as可引导非限定性定语从句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有
13、时可以互换。因此，当as/which指代前面的整个句子，或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时，谓语用单数Ourteamlostthegame,as/whichwasreportedinthenewspaper.Shewasterrified,as/whichIcouldseefromhereyes.Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.区别：as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.=Aswasnatural,hemarri
14、edher.MarkTwinisagreatwriter,which/asisknowntoall.=Asisknowntoall,MarkTwinisagreatwriter.as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which则无此意。常用句型有：asweallknow,asisknowntoall,aseverybodycansee,asisexpected,Asisknown/said/reported/told/weallknow等。如：Asweallknow,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.Toshutyoureyestofacts,asmanyofyoudo,i
15、sfoolish.主句和从句有因果关系时，用which.Ourclasshaswonthefootballmatch,whichmadeusveryhappy.Bamboosarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.从句含否定意义时常用which.Shedidntpasstheexam,whichwecouldntexpect.Shedidntpasstheexam,asweexpected.6.when关系副词：指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换（此时先行词一定是表时间的名词）。Istillrememberthetim
16、ewhenIjoinedtheLeague.IstillrememberthetimeonwhichIjoinedtheLeague.Istillrememberthetime(which/that)IjoinedtheLeagueon.7.where关系副词：指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换（此时先行词一定是表地点的名词）。IstillremembertheschoolwhereIjoinedtheLeague.IstillremembertheschoolinwhichIjoinedtheLeague.Istillrememberthesc
17、hool(which/that)IjoinedtheLeaguein.注：对关系副词when,where的认识。.先行词是时间的名词，并非都用关系副词when引导定语从句。Illneverforgetthetime(which/that)IspentinBeijing.先行词是地点的名词，并非都用关系副词where引导定语从句。Thisisthefactory(which/that)hevisitedyesterday.当句型为It/This/Thatis(was)thefirst(secondlast)time引起的句子时用that连接其后的句子。此时的time是次数，不是时间。It/Thi
18、sisthefirsttimethatwetravel.It/ThisisthelasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.8.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，先行词通常为reason,不能省略。且why引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。Why=forwhichIdontknowthereasonwhyhewaslateyesterday.Thereasonwhy(forwhich)hewaslateisthathemissedthebus.注：当先行词为reason时，关系副词并非都用why。Thisisthereason(that/which)hegave/e
19、xplainedtous.【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。试比较：Iwillneverforgettheday(which/that)IspentinHong Kong.(spent是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略)Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichHong Kongreturnedtoitsmotherland.（从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词）Thereason（that/which）hegavefornotcomingtoschoolyesterdayi
20、sntbelievable.(gave是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略)Thereasonwhyhedidntcometoschoolyesterdayisntbelievable.（从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词）三.值得注意的几个问题：第一.当先行词是物时，关系代词(that/which)只用that的情况。1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。Thisisthebestfilmthathasbeenshownthisyear.Thisisthefirstbook(that)Iborrowfromthelibrary.Heisthefirstst
21、udentthat/whocametoschooltoday.2.当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时。Hetalkedabouttheteachersandtheschool(that)hehadvisited.3.当先行词本身是all的，用that。(allthat=what)Allthat(what)Iwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou”.=All(what)Iwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou”.Gooverallthat(what)welearned.=Gooverall(what)welearned.（that在定语从句中充当宾语可以省略）4
22、.先行词为something,anything,nothing,everything,thing时，用that.Illtellyouanything(that)Iknow.5.当先行词前有all,much,little,many,(a)few,every,some,any,no,only,thevery,oneof,theonly,thelast,thenext等修饰语时。Thisisoneofthebooks(that)Imveryinterestingin.ThisisoneofthebooksinwhichImveryinteresting.Thisistheonlybook(that)
23、Iread.Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatlikesplayingthepiano.Alltheglassesthatwereonthetablefelloffontothefloor.6.（人，物），当先行词在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中时，用that引导以避免混淆Whoisthemanthatistalkingwiththelady?Whichofyouthatknowtheanswercancometothefront?7.当先行词是在定语从句中作表语时，用thatHelikesthegirlthatsheusedtobe.第二.当先行词是物时，关系代词
24、(that/which)只用which的情况。1.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时Theroominwhichhelivesisverylarge.2.引导非限定性定语从句时（主，宾都用which,都不能省略）Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.Thehouse,whichIvisitedyesterday,isverylarge.3.which指整个句子的内容或部分内容，引导非限定性定语从句Healwaysmakesfunofme,whichupsetsme.第三.其他特殊情况1.先行词是these,those
25、指人时，关系代词只用who.Thosewhoareplayingovertherearemystudents.2.先行词是人称代词(he,she)时，关系代词只用who.HewhodoesntreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.3.不定代词someone,anyone,everyone,noone,somebody,anybody,everybody作先行词时，关系代词用who.Anybodywhobreakstheruleswouldbepunished.4.先行词是theonlyoneof+可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用单数形式（因为此时的
26、先行词是theonlyone,而不是of后的可数名词复数）Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatlikesplayingthepiano.Thisistheonlyoneofthebooksthatisborrowed.先行词是oneof+可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用复数形式（因为此时的先行词是of后的可数名词复数,而不是one）Thisisoneofthestudentswhoarelate.5.当主句缺先行词时，用theone代替，但须注意：theone只能代替可数名词单数如为不可数名词时，指什么用什么IsthisschooltheoneIvisi
27、tedyesterday?Ispopmusicthemusichelikesbest?6.当先行词是theway,在定语从句中充当方式状语时（theway表以方式方法），引导词通常用that或省略，也可用inwhichIdontliketheway(that)youspeak.=Idontlikethewayinwhichyouspeak.=Idontliketheway(which/that)youspeakin.【“介词+关系代词”十种情况】在定语从句中，介词+关系代词结构是一种较为复杂的问题。现就几种常见的介词+关系代词的结构浅析如下：1介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因
28、状语，代替相应的关系副词when,where和why。如：Istillrememberthedayonwhich(when)Ifirstcametoschool.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。Thefactoryinwhich(=where)Iworkisalargeone.我工作的工厂是一个大工厂。Thisisthereasonforwhich(=why)hewaslate.这就是他为什么迟到的原因。2介词+which（指物）/whom（指人）在定语从句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，定语从句主谓一般要倒置。Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatasma
29、llboy.他来到一处农舍，前边坐着一个小男孩。Isawaman,ontheheadofwhomstoodabird.我看见一个人，他的头上站着一只鸟。3介词+which（指物）/whom（指人）在定语从句中作目的、方式或地点状语。这种结构中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约。如：Couldyoutellmeforwhomyouveboughtthiscoat? 你能告诉我这件衣服是给谁买的吗？Theman,fromwhomIlearnedthenews,isanengineer.这人是一位工程师，我是从他那里得到这消息的。4介词+which/whom，用于被动结构的定语从句中，作状语，说明
30、动作的出发者。如：Thewolfbywhichthesheepwaskilledwasshot.伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。Themanbywhomthewolfwasshotwasagoodhunter.打死狼的那人是个好猎手。5不定代词+of which/whom，在定语从句中作主语，说明整体中的部分，常用的不定代词有：both,all,any,some,each,none,most等。如：Therearealotofbookshere,noneofwhichbelongstome.这儿有许多书，可一本也不属于我。YesterdayMaryboughtafewclothes,allofwhic
31、hwereexpensive.昨天玛丽买了一些衣服，他们都很贵。6数词+of which/whom，在定语从句中作主语，说明整体与部分的关系。数词可以是基数词、序数词、分数或百分数。如：Inourclasstherearefifty-fourstudents,twenty-fiveofwhomaregirls.我们班有54名学生，25人是女生。Twowatcheswerestolen,oneofwhichwasmine.两只手表被偷了，其中一只是我的。7名词+of which代替whose+名词，在定语从句中作定语。如：Isawsometrees,theleavesofwhich(=whose
32、leaves)wereblackwithdisease.我看见一些树，他们的叶子因害病而发黑。Iliveinahouse,thewindowsofwhichareallbroken.我住在一所房子里，其窗都破了。8介词+which（指物）/whose（指人）修饰后边的名词。如：Itrainedallnightandallday,duringwhichtimetheshipwasbrokenintopieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在这期间轮船撞碎了。Thedriverwasthemanfromwhoseroomshehadstolenthemaps.司机就是那个人，她从他的房间偷走地图。9形容词
33、最高级+of which/whom结构，在定语从句中，作定语，表部分关系。如：Chinahasthousandsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.中国有成千上万个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。Inourclasstherearetwentygirls,thecleverestofwhomisLiHua.我们班有20名女生，最聪明的是李华。10介词+which+不定式。此种用法多见于正式文体中，相当于一个定语从句。如：Atlasthehadsomethingaboutwhichtowritehome.他终于有了给家里写信的内容了。Hehadnokeywithwh
34、ichtoopenthedoor.他没有开门的钥匙。Hehasasmallroominwhichtolive.【运用定语从句时应注意的几个问题】1关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词应和先行词的人称和数保持一致。ThisisoneofthebookswhichwerewrittenbyMarkTwain.这是马克吐温所写的书中的一本。（先行词是books，因此动词应用were。）2关系代词或关系副词在从句中充当一个句子成分，因此要注意避免从句中句子成分的重复出现。ThisisthemostbeautifulplacethatIhavevisitedit.Thisisthemostb
35、eautifulplacethatIhavevisited.这是我参观过的最美的地方。（去掉it，因that代替先行词themostbeautifulplace在定语从句中作visit的宾语，再加it就多余了。）TheschoolwhereIworkedthereisabigone.TheschoolwhereIworkedisabigone.我所工作过的学校是一所大学校。（去掉there，因where既引导定语从句，又在从句中代替intheschool作状语。）3关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不可省略。Thebookswereonthetableweregiventoyou.Thebookst
36、hatwereonthetableweregiventoyou.桌上的那些书是给你的。（关系代词that作主语不能省）4“oneofthe+复数名词”后的定语从句中谓语动词的单复数情况。“oneofthe+复数名词”时，复数名词是先行词，所以谓语动词常用复数形式。如果“oneofthe+复数名词”前面有thevery/only等修饰语，则谓语动词用单数形式，因为先行词是，而不是复数名词。如：HeistheonlyoneofthestudentswhospeaksJapaneseinourclass.他是我们班唯一说日语的学生。（theonlyone是先行词）Heisoneofthestuden
37、tswhospeaksJapaneseinourclass.他是我们班里说日语的学生之一。（students是先行词）5定语从句中who和whom的选用。关系代词who/whom引导定语从句时，作主语用主格who，作宾语用宾格whom。在其引导的定语从句带有插入语，而又不用逗号分开时，要用who。MaryisagirlwhoIthinkisclever.在定语从句whoIthinkisclever中,Ithink是插入语，去掉后Maryisagirlwhoisclever是一个完整的句子，who是定语从句的主语，不能用whom替换。但下面的句子，情况就不同了：MaryisagirlwhomIt
38、hinktobeclever.在定语从句whomIthinktobeclever中，如把Ithink看作插入语而去掉，则剩下的部分Maryisagirlwhomtobeclever很明显不是一个完整的句子结构，所以Ithink不能被看作是插入语，而是定语从句在的主谓结构，whom作think的宾语，tobeclever是whom的宾补。6定语从句中关系代词或关系副词的选择取决于它们在从句中所充当的句子成分。如作主语和宾语用关系代词；作状语，用关系副词。IllneverforgetthedaywhenIwentabroadmyself.（when在从句中代替时间状语ontheday，此句可分解为
39、Illneverforgettheday.Iwentabroadmyselfontheday.）Illneverforgetthedaysthatwespenttogether.（that代替thedays，在从句中作spent的宾语，该句可分解为Illneverforgetthedays.Wespentthedaystogether.）1. They are talking about things and persons _ they knew when they were young. A. that B. which C. who D. whom 2. This is the man
40、_ last night. A. whom I saw him B. whom I saw C. which I saw D. who I saw him 3. The seventeenth century was one _ many advances were made in science. A. that B. which C. where D. when 4. We travelled together as far as Chicago, _ we parted. A. when B. which C. why D. where 5. The reason _ Im writin
41、g is to tell you about a party on Saturday. A. because B. why C. for D. as 6. Author Edith Wharton thoroughly understood the society _. A. she had grown up in it B. which had she grown up in C. she had grown up D. in which she had grown up 7. This is one of the best books _. A. that have ever been w
42、ritten B. that has ever been written C. that has written D. that have written 8. The first time _ I saw Premier Zhou was in 1958. A. when B. where C. which D. that 9. Which of the two cows _ you keep produces more milk? A. that B. which C. whom D. what 10. He met my brother, from _ he got the news of my