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1、电子信息工程专业英语,English for Electronic Information Engineering,学习本课程的目的 掌握专业英文的阅读、翻译、写作的基本方法； 学习、积累英文专业词汇； 了解专业领域的一些技术、知识。,本课程的主要内容 专业英语基础知识 精选专业文献的阅读、讲解及翻译练习 专业文献(摘要)的写作练习,学习本课程的主要方式 课前预习 课堂讲解重点难点 课后练习 课堂练习、小测,建议 准备笔记本 准备英汉专业词典,要求 独立完成作业 遵守课堂纪律,Lesson 0 科技英语基础知识 The Basic Knowledge of Scientific and Tec
2、hnical English,Lesson 0 科技英语基础知识 The Basic Knowledge,0.1 科技英语的特点 features 0.2 专业英文翻译概述 Translation 0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法 Translation Methods 0.4 关于数量 Numbers and Quantities 0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic symbols and Expressions 0.6 关于图、表 Figures and Tables 0.7 专业英文的写作 Writing,科技英语与普通英语相比有自己的特点:,常包含一些数据、公式、符号
3、、图表、程序等,语言简练、结构严谨、表达明确、概念清晰,语法上特点：常用一般现在时时态； 复杂长句多； 被动语态多；（“被”、“经过”、“受了”、“由于”） 非谓语动词多；（动名词、分词、不定式） 非人称语气，常用It作主语； 条件句多，常用If 语句。,0.1 科技英语的特点 features,词汇的特点： 大量使用专业词汇、转意词汇； 较多使用词性转换adjn,nv,等等； 较多使用词缀、词根，甚至用词缀词根创造新词； 大量使用专业缩写词； 新专业词汇、缩写词不断出现。,科技英语与普通英语相比有自己的特点:,0.1 科技英语的特点 features,code n.码 v. 编码 varia
4、ble adj.可变的，易变的 n.变量 multiple adj.多样的 n.倍数 the least common ,合成词： multimeter 万用表，interface 接口、界面 code-decode codec 编解码 coder-decoder codec 编解码器 modulator-demolatormodem 调制解调器 Interactive-network internet 互联网、因特网 transmitter-receiver transceiver 收发器,GSM , GPRS , CDMA , GPS , CPU , USB , LCD,0.1 科技英语的
5、特点 features,0.1.1 长句 Long sentences,有两种方法简化长句，以正确把握长句句意,依据关键词简化词组。,e.g. The ratio of the capacitance with some material other than air between the plates, to the capacitance of the same capacitor with air insulation, is called the dielectric constant of that particular material.,ratio is called cons
6、tant,依据谓语动词把复合句分解成一组简单句。,the ratio of A to B ：A与B的比率 Insulation 绝缘，insulated ，insulating dielectric constant 介电常数,0.1 科技英语的特点 features,0.1.1 长句 Long sentences,e.g. This electron beam sweeps across each line at a uniform rate，then flies back to scan another line directly below the previous one and so
7、 on，until the horizontal lines into which it is desired to break or split the picture have been scanned in the desired sequence,electron beam 电子束 at a uniform rate 以均匀的速率 scan 扫描 horizontal lines 水平行线 in the desired sequence 按希望的顺序,e.g. For direct current and low-frequency alternating current (up to
8、 a few thousand cycles per second) the resistance is reversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the path the current must travel; that is , given two conductors of the same material and having same length , but differing in crossing-sectional area , the one with larger area will have the
9、lower resistance.,0.1 科技英语的特点 features,0.1.1 长句 Long sentences,resistance is reversely proportional to area, that is, one will have the lower resistance.,A与B成(正/反)比例 (directly) A be (reversely) proportional to B (inversely ) (direct) A be in (reverse) proportion/ratio to B (inverse) (reciprocal) The
10、y are in a ratio of 3 to 7. 它们之间比率为3比7。,0.1 科技英语的特点 features,0.1.1 长句 Long sentences,e.g. These inexpensive and relatively fast digital circuits have made it possible to construct highly sophisticated digital systems that are capable of performing complex digital signal processing functions and task
11、s, which are usually too difficult and/or too expensive to be performed by analog circuitry or analog signal processing systems.,主干：digital circuits have made it possible to construct digital systems that引导的定语从句修饰digital systems which引导的定语从句修饰functions and tasks,0.1.2 词汇 Vocabularies or words,普通词汇 C
12、ommon vocabularies,0.1 科技英语的特点 features,专业词汇 Speciality vocabularies,大部分是名词、名词词组，少量形容词，词意单一，用法简单。,0.1.2 词汇 Vocabularies or words,专业词汇 Speciality vocabularies,0.1 科技英语的特点 features,electronic 电子的 mail（Email） electric 电的 voltage， current， resistance electrical 电气的 engineer ， property,electro- 电- electr
13、omagnetic wave，electrodynamic,electrode 电极 anode 阳极、正极 cathode 阴极、负极,ositive 阳性的、正的、正数 negative阴性的、负的、负数,0.1.2 词汇 Vocabularies or words,0.1 科技英语的特点 features,diode 二极管 triode 三极(真空)管,oscillator 振荡器 oscilloscope 示波器 oscillo- 波动,radio 无线电、收音机 radar 雷达 laser 激光,Ohms law 欧姆定律,amplifier 放大器,transistor 晶体管
14、、三极管 field-effect transistor 场效应晶体管（FET）,专业词汇 Speciality vocabularies,转意词汇 Transfered words,0.1 科技英语的特点 features,0.1.2 词汇 Vocabularies or words,从普通词汇借用、移植过来，赋予了专业含义。出现在专业文献中，一般就是使用其专业含义。,resistance 阻力, 抵抗, 敌对,电阻(值),current 水流, 气流, 趋势, 当前的,电流,charge 装载, 起诉, 负责, 载荷,电荷, 充电,circuit 周围, 巡回, 绕行,电路,转意词汇 Tr
15、ansfered words,0.1 科技英语的特点 features,0.1.2 词汇 Vocabularies or words,bus 公共汽车,总线,network 网、网状组织,网络,rectifier 修正者,整流器,monitor 班长,显示器、监视器,ower 力量、动力,电源、功率、动力、电力、幂,field 田野, 场地, 领域,（电、磁）场,regulator 调整者,稳压器,转意词汇 Transfered words,0.1 科技英语的特点 features,0.1.2 词汇 Vocabularies or words,resistance ：电阻，电阻值 resist
16、or ：电阻（器） capacitance：电容，电容值 capacitor：电容（器） inductance：电感，电感值 inductor：电感（器）,arallel serial ：并行串行 parallel series： 并联串联,analog digital ：模拟的数字的 continuous discrete： 连续的离散的,转意词汇 Transfered words,0.1 科技英语的特点 features,0.1.2 词汇 Vocabularies or words,有些单词的通用含义很接近，但它们的专业含义却完全不同，如： differential ：微分 differe
17、nce ：差分 probability ：概率 possibility ：可能性,转意词汇还有：failure，relay，antenna，coherent，filter，spectrum，modulator，flip-flop，potential , carrier , line , loop 等等,专业缩写词 Speciality Abbreviations,0.1 科技英语的特点 features,0.1.2 词汇 Vocabularies or words,FET - field-effect transistor 场效应管 IC - integrated circuit 集成电路 U
18、SB - Universal Serial Bas 通用串行总线 AM - amplitude modulation 幅度调制、调幅 FM - frequency modulation 频率调制、调频,电子、电气技术发展飞速，新缩写词不断出现。,DC. dc. - direct current 直流 AC. ac. - Alternating current 交流,专业缩写词 Speciality Abbreviations 有些是组织机构的缩写，如：,0.1 科技英语的特点 features,0.1.2 词汇 Vocabularies or words,ITU -,International
19、 Telecommunications Union国际电信联盟,IEEE -,Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 电气与电子工程师协会,ISO - International Standardization Organization 国际标准化组织,还有IEC , ANSI，AT output is “0” , if all inputs are not “1” .,在“与”电路中, 若所有输入端为“1”信号, 则输出“1” ; 若所有输入端不是“1”, 则输出“0” 。,在“与”电路中, 若所有输入端为“1”信号, 则输出“
20、1” ; 若输入端不全为“1”, 则输出“0” 。,错,0.2.1 翻译的准则 The Criteria of Translation,e.g. As rubber prevents electricity from passing through it, it is used as insulating material.,因为橡胶阻止电通过，所以用作绝缘材料。,e.g. Waterloo Bridge,魂断蓝桥,因为橡胶不导电，所以用作绝缘材料。,信,达,雅,0.2 专业英文翻译概述 Translation,Step 1 先大致浏览一遍全文，了解专业背景，理解大意。 Step 2 查词典掌
21、握生词含意。 Step 3 用中文将原作表达出来，力求忠实原作，通顺流畅，可对原作作适当增删或延伸。 Step 4 检查校对。,0.2.2 翻译的基本步骤The steps of Translation,0.2 专业英文翻译概述 Translation,e.g. In computer we use bit to represent the minimum data. 在计算机中我们用位来表示最小的数据。,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.1 直译 Literal Translation,翻译中，能够直译的情况较少，一般都需要做适当的变换、省略、增补等以符合中文的规范和习惯，达到“达
22、”的标准。,中文：动词使用更多，用法更灵活 英文：有冠词；大量使用介词,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.2 变换 Changes in Translation 0.3.2.1 词性的变换,e.g. The miniature receiving antenna was developed as an alternative to that large one. 这种小型接收天线是为取代那种大型天线而研制的。 n.v.,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.2 变换 Changes in Translation 0.3.2.1 词性的变换,e.g. Gases differ f
23、rom solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter. 气体与固体的区别在于前者较后者有更大的可压缩性。 v. n.,e.g. Reliability features this control system. 可靠性是这个控制系统的特色。 v. n.,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.2 变换 Changes in Translation 0.3.2.2 词序的变换名词修饰语语序,e.g. The main device failure mode is second breakdown
24、.,主要器件的失效模式是二次击穿 。,错!,器件的主要失效模式是二次击穿 。,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.2 变换 Changes in Translation 0.3.2.2 词序的变换谓语状语语序,e.g. Integrated circuits were successfully developed in American in 1958 .,集成电路于1958年在美国研制成功。,英语词序：谓语方式状语地点状语时间状语 汉语词序：时间状语地点状语方式状语谓语,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.2 变换 Changes in Translation 0.3.2.2
25、 词序的变换被动、主动语态,e.g. An electric field can be produced by any charges present in space .,电场可由空间存在的任何电荷所产生。,空间存在的任何电荷均会产生电场。,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.3 省略 Ellipsis,通常省略冠词、介词、代词等,e.g. Any substance is made of atoms, whether it is a gas, a liquid, or a solid .,任何物质, 无论是气体、液体或固体, 皆由原子组成。 （省略冠词）,e.g. It is th
26、irty cubic meters in volume .,体积是30立方米。 (省略代词It、介词in),0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.4 增补 Supplements,e.g. The first term of Fourier series is called the fundamental, the others the harmonics .,傅里叶级数的第一项称为基波, 其它各项称为谐波。,e.g. The first term of Fourier series is called the fundamental, the others are called the
27、 harmonics .,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.4 增补 Supplements,e.g. The attenuation of the filter is nearly constant to within 0.5 dB over the entire frequency band,该滤波器的衰减在整个频带内接近恒定在0.5 dB以内。,该滤波器的衰减近于恒定, 整个频带内的变化在0.5 dB以内。,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.4 增补 Supplements,reading 读书 preparation 准备工作 networking 联网 a chi
28、p 一片芯片 three computer 三台计算机 The speed is fast. 速度很快。 the experts 专家们,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.5 引申 Extensions,e.g. The product yield is a sensitive function of process control .,产品的成品率与工艺控制密切相关。,直译生硬、拗口时，可在正确理解原意的基础上适当引申。,e.g. As rubber prevents electricity from passing through it, it is used as insula
29、ting material.,因为橡胶不导电，所以用作绝缘材料。,数制,0.4.1 数制 Number systems,0.4 关于数量 Numbers and Quantities,Big system:,( For engineering ),Small system: every order of magnitude,( For common using ),American : every three orders of magnitude,British : every six orders of magnitude,every four orders of magnitude,数制
30、,0.4.1 数制 Number systems,0.4 关于数量 Numbers and Quantities,语,数量级 常使用对应的数量级缩写，作为单位的接头词,0.4.2 数量级和国际单位 Number systems,0.4 关于数量 Numbers and Quantities,0.4.2 数量级和国际单位 Number systems,0.4 关于数量 Numbers and Quantities,国际单位制（部分） 量 单位 符号 length meter m mass kilogram kg time second s angle radian rad electric cu
31、rrent ampere A electric capacitance farad F electric charge coulomb C,0.4.2 数量级和国际单位 Number systems,0.4 关于数量 Numbers and Quantities,国际单位制（部分） 量 单位 符号 electric potential volt V electric resistance ohm electric frequency hertz Hz electric inductance herry H electric power watt W thermodynamic Kelvin d
32、egree K temperature Celsius degree ,0.4.2 数量级和国际单位 Number systems,0.4 关于数量 Numbers and Quantities,0.4.2 数量级和国际单位 Number systems,0.4 关于数量 Numbers and Quantities,kilometer : km picofarad: pF millisecond: ms decibel: dB Megabytes： MB,以为单位： in units of.或 in e.g. an angle in radians current in amperes wh
33、ere f is in hertz and v is in volts in thousands in billions of dollars 注意单位名用复数形式,A is N times as large/many/heavy/ as B A is N times larger/more/heavier / as B A is larger/more/heavier / than B by N times A的大小/数量/重量/是B的N倍。 A比B大/多/重/ N1倍。,0.4.3 数量的增减 Increase and Decrease,0.4 关于数量 Numbers and Quant
34、ities,A double /treble/quadruple/quintuple 增加到二倍/三倍/四倍/五倍 e.g. We double the voltage.,increase N times increase to N times increase by N times increase by a factor of N increase N-fold increase N times as much/many/ as 增加为N倍，或增加了N-1倍 （有另解）,0.4.3 数量的增减 Increase and Decrease,0.4 关于数量 Numbers and Quant
35、ities,increase by x% 增加了x reduce by x% 减少了x,decrease N times decrease to N times decrease by N times decrease by a factor of N decrease N-fold decrease N times as much/many/ as N-fold reduction/decrease be N times less than 减少了(N1)/N倍，或减少到1/N。 动词还可换成reduce、shorten、drop、cut down等,0.4.3 数量的增减 Increase
36、 and Decrease,0.4 关于数量 Numbers and Quantities,0.4.3 数量的增减 Increase and Decrease,0.4 关于数量 Numbers and Quantities,e.g. The switching time of the new type transistor is shortened by a factor of three . 译文1: 新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二 。 译文2: 新型晶体管的开关时间缩短为三分之一 。,e.g. The cost of TV sets was reduced by 70 % . 电视机的
37、成本降低了70 % 。,e.g. The voltage has dropped five times. 电压下降了五分之四 。,maximum、minimum、peak、valley、average、mean、absolute、median、optimum、upper、lower,0.4.4 最大、最小、平均等,0.4 关于数量 Numbers and Quantities,e.g. The maximum communication rate in this network is 64kbps.,e.g. The upper working temperature limit of thi
38、s machine is 45 . 温度上限,e.g. lower frequency limit、average traffic load、 peak value,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.1 常用数学符号 Mathematic symbols,补充:,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.1 常用数学符号 Mathematic symbols,a half , one half,a third , one third,two thirds,
39、one hundred and thirteen over three hundred,four and two thirds,Zero (O,naught) point two five,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.2 常用数学式 Mathematic Expressions,add v. 加 addend 加数 summand 被加数 adder 、summer 加法器 plus prep.加上a. n.正(的),subtract v.减 subtrahend 减数 minuend 被减数 subtracter
40、 减法器 minus prep.减去，a. n.负(的),0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.2 常用数学式 Mathematic Expressions,multiply v. 乘 multiplier 乘数、系数、乘法器、倍增器 multiplicand 被乘数 multiple 倍数,divide v. 除 divider 除数、系数、除法器、分频器 dividend 被除数 divisor 除数、因子、分压器、约数,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic symbols and Expressions,
41、0.5.2 常用数学式 Mathematic Expressions,add a to b is c , a adds b is c , a and b is c , a plus b is c,subtract b from a , a subtracts b , b from a , a minus b,multiply a by b , a multiplied by b , a times b,divide a by b , a divided by b , b into a,a over b,a b,a b,a b,a / b,a + b = c,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mat
42、hematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.2 常用数学式 Mathematic Expressions,x squared , the square of x, the second power of x , x to the second power,x cubed , the cube of x, the third power of x，x to the third power,the nth power of x，x to the power of n,the square root of x，root x,the cube root of x,the n
43、th root of x,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.2 常用数学式 Mathematic Expressions,log b to the base a, the logarithm of b to the base a,sine,cosine,tangent,log x to the base 10, common logarithm,log x to the base e, natural logarithm,cotangent,arc sine,arc cosine,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathe
44、matic symbols and Expressions,0.5.2 常用数学式 Mathematic Expressions,the summation of x sub i, where i goes from 1to n,the product of x sub i, where i goes from 1to n,the differential coefficient of y with respect to x, the first derivative of y with respect to x,the nth derivative of y with respect to
45、x,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.2 常用数学式 Mathematic Expressions,the partial derivative of y with respect of u, where y is a function of u and another variable(s),integral of,double integral of,n-fold integral of,integral between limits a and b(.from a to b),0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Math
46、ematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.2 常用数学式 Mathematic Expressions,factorial n,the absolute value of x,the mean value of x , x bar,x prime,function f of x,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic symbols and Expressions,integer decimal fraction rational number irrational number real number imaginary number positive
47、 number negative number,complex number singular number plural number even number odd number prime number base number random number n-digit number,0.5.2 常用数学式 Mathematic Expressions,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.2 常用数学式 Mathematic Expressions,function equation inequality expre
48、ssion formula variable ( IV: independent DV:dependent ) constant parameter coefficient factor,0.6 关于图、表 Figures and Tables,0.6.1 图 Figures,图的编号,Figure 1 , Figure 2 , ,对于较短的文章，可将所有图按顺序统一编号如：,Fig. 1 , Fig. 2 , ,对于较长的文章，可将所有图分章节编号如：,Figure 1-1, Figure1-2, Figure 2-1, Figure 2-2 ,Fig. 1-1, Fig.1-2, Fig.
49、 2-1, Fig. 2-2 ,0.6 关于图、表 Figures and Tables,0.6.1 图 Figures,图的来源,Fig.1 the AT VLSI ; frequency synthesis,0.7 专业英文写作 Writing,0.7.4 论文的参考文献 References,在论文中，凡是引用或参考他人文献的数据、资料、观点、方法和研究成果的地方，都应该标明出处，对应的在参考文献中列出。,体现对他人劳动、研究成果的尊重，反映作者严谨的科学态度和研究工作的科学依据； 便于读者追溯有关原始文献，进一步查阅参考文献。,0.7 专业英文写作 Writing,0.7.4 论文的参
50、考文献 References,参考文献著录格式,在正文中引用参考文献的标注方法：一般采用顺序编号法。即在引用文字的右上角标注序号，按在文章中出现的顺序进行编号。,在文后参考文献中所列的文献顺序应与正文中编号一致。,0.7 专业英文写作 Writing,0.7.4 论文的参考文献 References,按国际标准，参考文献的著录格式分为3部分： 作者姓名. 文献题名. 出版事项,1 戴明桢. 数字信号处理的硬件实现M. 北京：航空 工业出版社, 1998. 12-15,序号 作者姓名. 文献题名文献类型标识. 出版地: 出版社，出版年. 起止页码(任选),对于专著、论文集、学位论文、报告，具体格