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1、Unit8,Watch the video and answer the following questions.,1. What is Mrs. Gumps attitude toward death?,Pre-reading Activities - Audiovisual supplement 1,She seems quite peaceful in face of her own death. She seems to accept death as something she is destined to do.,This is probably because she think
2、s she has lived a satisfactory life. She believes that death is a part of life, something one is destined to do. She assumes that she has done the best she could to be a good woman.,2. Why does she have such an attitude?,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information,Pre-reading Activities - Audiovisua
3、l supplement 2,From Forrest Gump,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information,Forrest: Wheres Momma? Black woman: Shes upstairs. Mrs Gump: Hah, Forrest! Doctor: Ill see you tomorrow. Mrs Gump: Fine. Doctor: Sure got you straightened out, didnt we boy? Forrest: Whats the matter, Momma? Mrs. Gump: Im d
4、yin, Forrest. Come on in, sit down over here. Forrest: Why are you dyin, Momma? Mrs. Gump: Its my time. Its just my time. Oh, now, dont you be afraid, sweetheart. Death is just a part of life. Its something were all destined to do. I didnt know it, but I was destined to be your momma. I did the best
5、 I could.,Video Script1,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information,Video Script2,Forrest: You did good, Momma. Mrs. Gump: Well, I happened to believe you make your own destiny. You have to do the best with what God gave you. Forrest: Whats my destiny, Momma? Mrs. Gump: Youre gonna have to figure th
6、at out for yourself. Life is a box of chocolates, Forrest. You never know what youre gonna get. Forrest (V.O.): Momma always had a way of explaining things so I could understand them. Mrs. Gump: I will miss you, Forrest. Forrest (V.O.): She had got the cancer and died on a Tuesday. I bought her a ne
7、w hat with little flowers on it.,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information,Video Script3,(EXT. BUS STOP PRESENT The elderly woman and Forrest sit. The woman is crying and wipes her eyes with a hankie.) Forrest: And thats all I have to say about that. Didnt you say you were waiting for the number 7
8、 bus? Elderly woman: Therell be another one along shortly. Forrest: Now, because I had been a football star and war hero and national celebrity and a shrimping .,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information,The Psychological Aspects of Amputation,Cultural information 1,Regardless of the cause of the
9、amputation, an amputee will probably go through basically the same psychological stages. Some may go through the grieving process in a short time, while others will suffer several months. However, it is important that one acknowledge and understand the process as he is going through each stage, for
10、it possibly helps him to survive psychologically.,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information,1. The Five Stages of the Grieving Process,Cultural information 2, Denial People who go through traumatic amputations usually experience Denial, but normally those who have had surgical amputations will not
11、 experience it. Anger Often people will blame God, the doctor, or others for their loss.,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information, Bargaining In this stage, patients may attempt to postpone the reality of amputation, and most patients will try to bargain with their doctor or through a higher auth
12、ority such as a religious figure. Depression In this stage, anger is taken place by depression. This is probably the most complicated stage of grief, but it too will disappear. Common symptoms include sleeping either too much or too little, negative feelings about the environment and the future, fee
13、lings of hopelessness, and talking about death.,Cultural information 3,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information, Acceptance and Hope Eventually, the amputee will come to terms with his loss and start living again. This is more easily achieved if he has a visit from a peer counselor who has been t
14、hrough this entire process and can give him some advice.,Cultural information 4,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information,2. Complicated Grief Complicated grief is not common in amputee patients, however its symptoms are more harmful, which include severe isolation, violent behavior, suicidal idea
15、tion, workaholic behavior, severe or prolonged depression, nightmares, and avoiding reminders of the amputation. It is urgent for the amputees with these symptoms to seek appropriate professional medical treatment.,Cultural information 5,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information,Structural analysi
16、s 1,This text is a piece of chronological narration about an amputee, a difficult and only semi-communicative patient who floundered in his last days in agony and depression and eventually died. The text can be divided into three parts:,Part I,(Paragraph 1): This part serves as an introduction to th
17、e background of the story.,Part II,(Paragraphs 2 13): This part describes the strange behavior of a particular patient dubbed the “discus thrower” and his conflict with health workers.,Rhetorical features,Structural analysis,Structural analysis 2,Part III,(Paragraph 14 15): The last part tells the r
18、eaders about the patients death.,This narration also poses interesting challenges: what to think of this man, how to understand him, and how to treat him? Clearly the mans enigmatic speech and action are saying something, and Selzer suggests that few are listening. The story offers no answer, but it
19、 suggests that the kind of sympathy the narrator develops through watching the patient (though not expressed) is a good start. The patients provocative behavior and the storys openness make it a good point of departure for a discussion.,Rhetorical features,Structural analysis,1. Ought not a doctor t
20、o observe his patients by any means and from any stance that he might take for the more fully assemble evidence? (Paragraph 1) 2. Is he mute as well as blind? (Paragraph 3) 3. What is he thinking behind those lids that do not blink? Is he remembering a time when he was whole? Does he dream of feet?
21、Or when his body was not a rotting log? (Paragraph 6),Rhetorical Features 1,A notable feature of this text is the extensive use of questions on the part of the narrator. He asks questions in his dialogue with the patient, and he also asks himself questions.,First look at the questions he asks himsel
22、f: For example:,Rhetorical features,Structural analysis,Rhetorical Features 2,These questions call for no answer but they reveal the inner thoughts of the narrator. He seems to be trying to place himself in the position of the patient to feel a better understanding of the patients psychology. Now lo
23、ok at the questions he asks in his dialogue with the patient: For example: 1. How are you? (Paragraph 5) 2. How do you feel? (Paragraph 5) 3. Anything more I can do for you? (Paragraph 7) All these questions help to show that the doctor is very patient with and, responsible for his patient.,Rhetoric
24、al features,Structural analysis,Rhetorical Features 3,Practice: Study the text and pick out other questions he asks, and see how these questions help reveal his attitude towards the patient.,Rhetorical features,Structural analysis,THE DISCUS THROWER Richard Selzer 1 I spy on my patients. Ought not a
25、 doctor to observe his patients by any means and from any stance. that he might the more fully assemble evidence? So I stand in the doorways of hospital rooms and gaze. Oh, it is not all that furtive an act. Those in bed need only look up to discover me. But they never do.,Detailed reading 1,Detaile
26、d reading,Detailed reading 2,2 From the doorway of Room 542 the man in the bed seems deeply tanned. Blue eyes and close-cropped white hair give him the appearance of vigor and good health. But I know that his skin is not brown from the sun. It is rusted, rather, in the last stage of containing the v
27、ile repose within. And the blue eyes are frosted, looking inward like the windows of a snowbound cottage. This man is blind. This man is also legless the right leg missing from midthigh down, the left from just below the knee. It gives him the look of a bonsai, roots and branches pruned into the dwa
28、rfed facsimile of a great tree.,Detailed reading,Detailed reading 3-4,3 Propped on pillows, he cups his right thigh in both hands. Now and then he shakes his head as though acknowledging the intensity of his suffering. In all of this he makes no sound. Is he mute as well as blind? 4 The room in whic
29、h he dwells is empty of all possessions no get-well cards, small, private caches of food, day-old flowers, slippers, all the usual kickshaws of the sick room. There is only the bed, a chair, a nightstand, and a tray on wheels that can be swung across his lap for meals.,Detailed reading,5 “What time
30、is it?” he asks. “Three oclock.” “Morning or afternoon?” “Afternoon.” He is silent. There is nothing else he wants to know. “How are you?” I say. “Who are you?” he asks. “Its the doctor. How do you feel?” He does not answer right away. “Feel?” he says. “I hope you feel better,” I say. I press the bu
31、tton at the side of the bed. “Down you go,” I say. “Yes, down,” he says.,Detailed reading 5,Detailed reading,Detailed reading 6,6 He falls back upon the bed awkwardly. His stumps, unweighted by legs and feet, rise in the air, presenting themselves. I unwrap the bandages from the stumps, and begin to
32、 cut away the black scabs and the dead, glazed fat with scissors and forceps. A shard of white bone comes loose. I pick it away. I wash the wounds with disinfectant and redress the stumps. All this while, he does not speak. What is he thinking behind those lids that do not blink? Is he remembering a
33、 time when he was whole? Does he dream of feet? Or when his body was not a rotting log?,Detailed reading,7 He lies solid and inert. In spite of everything, he remains impressive, as though he were a sailor standing athwart a slanting deck. “Anything more I can do for you?” I ask. For a long moment h
34、e is silent. “Yes,” he says at last and without the least irony. “You can bring me a pair of shoes.” In the corridor, the head nurse is waiting for me. “We have to do something about him,” she says. “Every morning he orders scrambled eggs for breakfast, and, instead of eating them, he picks up the p
35、late and throws it against the wall.”,Detailed reading 7.1,Detailed reading,Detailed reading 7.2-8,“Throws his plate?” “Nasty. Thats what he is. No wonder his family doesnt come to visit. They probably cant stand him any more than we can.” She is waiting for me to do something. “Well?” “Well see,” I
36、 say. 8 The next morning I am waiting in the corridor when the kitchen delivers his breakfast. I watch the aide place the tray on the stand and swing it across his lap. She presses the button to raise the head of the bed. Then she leaves.,Detailed reading,Detailed reading 9-10,9 In time the man reac
37、hes to find the rim of the tray, then on to find the dome of the covered dish. He lifts off the cover and places it on the stand. He fingers across the plate until he probes the eggs. He lifts the plate in both hands, sets it on the palm of his right hand, centers it, balances it. He hefts it up and
38、 down slightly, getting the feel on it. Abruptly, he draws back his right arm as far as he can. 10 There is the crack of the plate breaking against the wall at the foot of his bed and the small wet sound of the scrambled eggs dropping to the floor.,Detailed reading,11 And then he laughs. It is a sou
39、nd you have never heard. It is something new under the sun. It could cure cancer. Out in the corridor, the eyes of the head nurse narrow. “Laughed, did he?” She writes something down on her clipboard. 12 A second aide arrives, brings a second breakfast tray, puts it on the nightstand, out of his rea
40、ch. She looks over at me shaking her head and making her mouth go. I see that we are to be accomplices.,Detailed reading 11-12,Detailed reading,Detailed reading 13,13 “Ive got to feed you,” she says to the man. “Oh, no, you dont,” the man says. “Oh, yes, I do,” the aide says, “after the way you just
41、 did. Nurse says so.” “Get me my shoes,” the man says. “Heres the oatmeal,” the aide says. “Open.” And she touches the spoon to his lower lip. “I ordered scrambled eggs,” says the man. “Thats right,” the aide says. I step forward. “Is there anything I can do?” I say. “Who are you?” the man asks.,Det
42、ailed reading,Detailed reading 14-15,14 In the evening I go once more to that ward to make my rounds. The head nurse reports to me that Room 542 is deceased. She has discovered this by accident, she says. No, there had been no sound. Nothing. Its a blessing, she says. 15 I go into his room, a spy lo
43、oking for secrets. He is still there in his bed. His face is relaxed, grave, dignified. After a while, I turn to leave. My gaze sweeps the wall at the foot of the bed, and I see the place where it has been repeatedly washed, where the wall looks very clean and white.,Detailed reading,Detailed readin
44、g1-Question,Does the doctor feel guilty of spying on his patients? Why or why not? (Paragraph 1),No, he doesnt. Instead, he finds the activity justifiable. For one thing, he thinks the activity is well-meant, i.e. he wants to collect more pathological evidence in order to give the patients more effe
45、ctive treatment. For another, his activity is not spying in the true sense, for the act is far from furtive.,Detailed reading,Detailed reading4-Question,How would you account for the possessions in Room 542? (Paragraph 4),The fact that there are no get-well cards, no small, private caches of food an
46、d day-old flowers shows that he has been abandoned by his family and friends.,Detailed reading,Detailed reading7-Question,Why does the patient ask for shoes time and again? (Paragraphs 7),As a blind man, he is restrained in activity. Now without legs he is completely confined to bed. Like a caged bi
47、rd, he longs for freedom and dreams of going back to his career. Thus it is understandable why he repeatedly asks for shoes.,Detailed reading,Detailed reading9-10-Question,Why does the patient throw his plate? (Paragraphs 910),This is the way he expresses his wrath with the unfair fate. He is depriv
48、ed of sight and now his legs. Deserted by society, he is left with very little. Indignant as he is, he can avenge himself upon nobody. What he can do is only to crash his plate against the wall to vent his anger and despair. Moreover, he would rather die in a stroke like the plate than linger in ago
49、ny.,Detailed reading,Detailed reading11-Question,What kind of laughter does the patient give? (Paragraph 11),The laughter is unique as is indicated in Paragraph 11. It comes both from the pleasure after revenge by crashing the plate and the hope to extricate himself from his agony by means of an abr
50、upt death like the plate. Since freedom in this material world is impossible to him, he wishes to have it in the other world.,Detailed reading,Detailed reading8 Activity,Group discussions How do you think a dying man will most probably behave? Should euthanasia (physician-assisted suicide) be legali