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1、认证知识学习（3） -AQL国际标准,1,参考幻灯,目 录,一、 AQL 定义 二、 AQL 标准 三、 AQL 的计算 四、 AQL 的意义 五、 AQL Inspection Manual,2,参考幻灯,一、AQL的定义,AQL ACCEPT QUALITY LEVEL 的简称 （可接受的质量水平）. 对于连续批序列，为进行抽样检查，认为满意的过程平均的最低的质量水平。,3,参考幻灯,一、AQL的定义,AQL是一个国际标准，普遍应用于出口服装，纺织品等检验产业上 。,4,参考幻灯,二、AQL 标准,AQL的标准有： AQL0.010，AQL0.015，AQL0.025，AQL0.040，A
2、QL0.065，AQL0.10，AQL0.15，AQL0.25，AQL0.40，AQL0.65，AQL1.0，AQL1.5，AQL2.5，AQL4.0，AQL6.5，AQL10，AQL15，AQL25 ，AQL40 ，AQL65，AQL100，AQL150，AQL250，AQL400，AQL650，AQL1000,不同的AQL标准应用于不同物质的检验上,5,参考幻灯,二、AQL 标准,在AQL 抽样时，抽取的数量相同，而AQL后面跟的数值越小，允许的瑕疵数量就越少，说明质量要求越高，检验就相对较严 .,6,参考幻灯,AQL0.010-0.10 是用电子产品，医疗器械等检验 AQL1.0-6.5
3、 是用于服装，纺织品等检验,二、AQL 标准,7,参考幻灯,二、AQL 标准,The following AQL levels are usually applied by Hong Kong Q.C. Center Ltd unless otherwise instructed by customer （以下的AQL水平通常应用于香港的品质中心，除非有其他的标准被客户要求使用） Critical defects: no critical defect is accepted (Consumer Product)Major defects: AQL 2.5 (Consumer Product)
4、Minor defects: AQL 4.0 (Consumer Product),8,参考幻灯,二、AQL 标准,HOW TO DETERMINE THE AQL FOR YOUR PRODUCTS?Acceptable Quality Level (AQL) sample inspection methods have been proven to be accurate over a long run. However, the quality level of merchandise at destination might be lower than that of the pre-
5、shipment inspection result. This may due to the transportation process, product handling at warehouses, or changes in environment, etc. Customers are advised to take these issues into consideration when deciding the AQL level for the products.,9,参考幻灯,ISO 2859 Sampling Standard,10,参考幻灯,1 ） AC=Accepta
6、ble number =使用箭头下面的第一个数值 =使用箭头上面的第一数值 AcAccepted（合格判定数） ReRejected（不合格判定数） 说明：当订单数量抽查件数时，将该订单数量看作抽查件数，抽样方案的判定数组Ac，Re保持不变： 抽样数量是以一般检验II级检验水来进行的,二、AQL 标准,11,参考幻灯,正常检查一次抽样方案(AQL-2.5) 验货的时候根据：批量范围、检查水平、AQL值决定抽样的数量和合格与不合格产品的数量。 服装质量检查采用一次抽样方案，服装批量的合格质量水平(AQL)为2.5，检查水平为一般检查水平，检查的严格度为正常检查,二、AQL 标准,12,参考幻灯,
7、举例一： 有一批服装的订单数是3000件，按照AQL2.5标准抽查125件，次品数7就PASS（通过），次品数8就FAIL（不合格）。 举例二： 订单数为7件，按AQL2.5标准抽查5件，无次品就PASS，有一件次品都FAIL；如果按照AQL4.0标准则只抽查3件，无次品就PASS,13,参考幻灯,Sampling quantity for hardness, metallography, roundness, roughness and breaking load :( destructive testing),* Above is a recommended plan. The custo
8、mer and supplier can adopt another plan as acceptance criteria.,14,参考幻灯,15,参考幻灯,Sampling standard for hardness, roundness, roughness, breaking load and case depth.,16,参考幻灯,17,参考幻灯,三、AQL 的计算,产品品质特性的记录一般分成计数值或计量值，计数值又以计件或计点为记录，计量值以实际测量之特性值为记录。,18,参考幻灯,自从工业界导入MIL-STD- 105D表为抽样检验的标准后，质量指标一直延用MIL-STD-105
9、D表之AQL，目前使用版本为MIL-STD-105E，多年来一直通行于工业界,三、AQL 的计算,19,参考幻灯,AQL在10以下时，可表计件的不良率或计点的缺点数，AQL在10以上时，则表计点的缺点数或每百件缺点。 计量值则以制程能力指数Cp、k（Ca）、Cpk为代表。,三、AQL 的计算,20,参考幻灯,这些质量指针的大小，理论上是可以解释其质量意义，譬如AQL0.3（以计件不良率表示）其意义为当检验批的质量水平不良率 p达到0.3时，该批以MIL-STD-105E表验收时，被允收的机率很高约95以上，但检验批的实际不良率p太大时；如1、2，则检验批被允收的机率很小。,三、AQL 的计算,
10、21,参考幻灯,因此，AQL常被用来当成制程的质量指针，以保证交货（交易）时的允收率 制程能力指数也被拿来衡量产品试作及量产时质量稽核的指针。,三、AQL 的计算,22,参考幻灯,有些客户要求供货商在试作阶段及量产阶段提报产品或制程的管制特性，其Cp或Cpk值在多少以上，才能保证不良率 p 在多少以下,三、AQL 的计算,23,参考幻灯,三、AQL 的计算,本例为不同的计算基础，对质量指针的衡量是有所不同的。,24,参考幻灯,假如以件为计算基础p = (5+10+15)/(100+1,000+2,000)=30/3,100=0.0097=0.97%=9700ppm (即表示每100万件平均有9
11、700台是不良)c =(10+20+30)/(100+1,000+2,000)=60/3,100=0.019 dpu(即表示每件平均有0.019个缺点),三、AQL 的计算,25,参考幻灯,假如以检点为计算基础u =(10+20+30)/( 100100+101,000+52,000)=60/30,000=2,000 dppm(即表示每100万个检点平均有2000个缺点) 以上的解释以100万件为单位及100万个检点为单位，当然要两个 ppm 的质量指针互相比较就有所出入,三、AQL 的计算,26,参考幻灯,各种质量指针的定义及计算例 近年来，信息电子业受到所谓“Six Sigma”的国际质量
12、标竿（Benchmarking）的影响，大家纷纷采用“ppm ”或“几个Sigma”为质量水平的计量单位，但是对这一些新的名词及术语的定义及计算方法不同行业有不同的说法，造成业界随客户的要求而无所适从。,三、AQL 的计算,27,参考幻灯,当提交批为一系列的连续批时，采用GB/T2828的抽样计划，主要目的是当批质量处于AQL时能以高概率接收，即在批质量处在合格质量水平时控制生产方的风险比较小。这样一方面保护生产方；一方面告诉生产方，只要他的产品的过程平均质量比AQL好。那么，绝大部分的批可以被使用方接收，这样就可以促使生产方保持和改进产品质量。另一方面，通过调整检查的严格度也可以促使生产方改
13、进产质量最。,四、AQL的意义,28,参考幻灯,Introduction AQL sampling inspection plans are designed to protect the supplier from having good lots or product rejected based on an inspection of a limited sample if the defects are within the specified limits. Since the inspection is based on sampling, there is some risk t
14、hat good lots may be rejected. However, the supplier risk of rejection is low. This manual is designed to give the reader a basic understanding of AQL sampling inspection, its application and some feel for inspection levels and AQLs.,五、AQL Inspection Manual,29,参考幻灯,The AQL Inspectors Rule is a slide
15、 rule device for quickly finding AQL sampling plans. Its straightforward design makes it very easy to use. All the data is conveniently grouped so that the sampling plan can read off instantly. The rule covers a wide range of AQLs (.065 to 15), and Normal, Tightened and Reduced inspection levels for
16、 both single and double sampling plans.,五、AQL Inspection Manual,30,参考幻灯,Besides being a time-saving tool on the job, the AQL Inspectors Rule, combined with the Manual, makes a useful training aid.,五、AQL Inspection Manual,31,参考幻灯,Standards AQL sampling inspection currently enjoys wide acceptance for
17、inspection by attribute. The specifying of AQL plans by the Department of Defense has greatly increased the role of this method of sampling. Originally specified in MIL-STD-105E, the department of Defense discontinued this standard in February 1995 and users were referred to its commercial equivalen
18、t: ANSI/ASQC Z1.4-1993.,五、AQL Inspection Manual,32,参考幻灯,In December 2003 the ANSI/ASQC Z1.4-1993 was replaced by the ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2003 standard. The ISO standard for the inspection by attributes was introduced in 1989 as the ISO 2859-1:1989 standard, matching the ANSI/ASQC Z1.4-1993 and MIL STD 105
19、E standards. The ISO 2859-1 standard was modified, including changes to the sample plans, in a 1999 revision.,五、AQL Inspection Manual,33,参考幻灯,AQL sampling plans and procedures have also gained popularity for many non-defense and industrial applications. In addition, AQL has been adopted by Canada an
20、d Great Britain as an International Standard ABC-STD-105.,五、AQL Inspection Manual,34,参考幻灯,Versions ANSI English Version. This is the original version of the AQL Inspectors Rule introduced in 1968. The Rule and Manual are both in English. This version conforms to standards: MIL-STD-105E ANSI/ASQC Z1.
21、4-1993 ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2003 with note,五、AQL Inspection Manual,35,参考幻灯,ANSI Spanish Version. The Spanish version of the AQL Inspectors Rule was inducted in July 1999 to support the growing worldwide use of the AQL Inspectors Rule. The Rule and Manual have both been translated into Spanish. This version
22、 conforms to standards: MIL-STD-105E ANSI/ASQC Z1.4-1993 ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2003 with note,五、AQL Inspection Manual,36,参考幻灯,ISO English Version. The ISO version was introduced in August 2002 in response to the 1999 revision of the ISO 2859-1 standard. The revision changes made this standard diverge for th
23、e MIL-STD-105E and ANSI/ASQC Z1.4-1993 standards. This version conforms to standard: ISO 2859-1 (1999),五、AQL Inspection Manual,37,参考幻灯,References The complete ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2003 standard is available from ASQ, item T004 or T004E, Customer Service Department, P. O. Box 3066, Milwaukee, WI 53201-3066. (414) 272-8575 or (800) 248-1946,五、AQL Inspection Manual,38,参考幻灯,The end！,39,参考幻灯,谢谢参与,愿您学有所获！,40,参考幻灯,