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1、延续性动词与终止性动词： 动词按其动作发生的方式， 动作发生过程的长短， 分为延 续性动词和终止性动词。延续性动词表示的动词是一种延续的动作，这种动词可以延续下去或产生持久的影响。如： learn，work，stand，lie，know ，walk ，keep， have，wait，watch，sing，read，sleep， live 终止性动词也称非延续性动词、 瞬间动词， 表示的动作不能延续， 即动作发生立即结束， 产生某种结果。在有了某种结果之后，就不能再继续下去。如口： leave, start, set out, arrive ,reach， get to， begin， stop
2、， shut， turn off， marry， put， put on， get up， wake， fall， join， receive, finish , end, complete , become, come, go, die, close, open, break, give, jump , buy, borrow 等。1终止性动词的用法1) 终止性动词可用来表示某一动作的完成,因此可用于现在完成时。如： The plane has arrived 飞机到了。I have finished my homework 我已完成了作业。2) 终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续,所以
3、其现在完成时(只限于肯定式)不能 和表示一段时间的状语连用。如口：他死了三年了。误：He has died for three years.他来这儿三个月了。误：he has come here for three mon ths.两句中的动词 die 和 come 都为终止性动词,它们可用于完成时,但不能同表示一 段时间的状语 for three years months 连用。那这两句如何译成英语呢？我们可采用下 列方法：A .用能够表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的终止性动词。如： He has been dead for three years. He has been here
4、 for three months. 将短暂性动词改为相应的延续性动词或短语和一段时间连用,其常用的方法有如下几种： 基本变化规则a) 用延续性动词代替终止性动词1、用 have 代替 buyMy brother has had(不能用 has bought) this bike for almost four years.2、用 keep 或 have 代替 borrowI have kept(不能用 have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.3、用 be 替代 becomeHow long has your sister been a tea
5、cher?4、用 have a cold 代替 catch a coldTom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.5、用 wear 代替 put onb) 用“ bee形容词”代终止性动词1、be married 代 marry2、be ill 代 fall (get) ill3、 bee dead 代 die4、 bee asleep 代 fall (get) asleep5、bee awake 代 wake/wake up6、bee gone 代 lose,die,sell,leave7、 bee open 代 open8、be c
6、losed 代 close/shut9、be+ miss in g(g on e,lost)代 losec) 用“ be副词”代终止性动词1 “ be on "代 start,begin2 “ be up "代 get up3 “ be back(to) 代 return to,come back to,go back to4 “ be here (there)代 come(arrive,reach,get) here 或 go (arrive,reach,get) there 等等d) 用“ be介词短语”代终止性动词1. “ be in/at地+ 点”代替 go to
7、/come to2. 用 be in the army 代替 join the army3. “ be in/at地+ 点"代替 move toe) 'be+名词”代终止性动词join the Party / League be a Party / League member,go to school t be a stude ntjoin the army tbe a soldier 等。f) “去掉短语中的短暂性动词 ”代终止性动词get to knowtknow，come to worktwork，begin to studytstudyput on t be on ,
8、 turn on -be on, turn off-be offgo away-be away常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.t have been in sw./at 相应的介词2. have come/g one back/retur nedt have bee n back3. have come/gone out t have been out4. have become t have been5. have closed / opened t have b
9、een close/open6. have got up t have been；up7. have died t habveen dead；8. have left sw. t have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleept have；been asleep10. have finished/ended/completedt have b；een over11. havemarried t have been marr；ied12. have started/begun to do sth.t have；done sth.
10、13. have begun t have been on14. have borrowed/boughtt have kept/had15. have lost t haven 't had16. have put on t have worn17have caught /get a coldt have ha；d a cold18. have got to knowt have known19. have/has gone tot have been in20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army
11、t have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party ' s member/the league member/the soldier B 把误句中表示一段时间的状语改为表示过去时间的状语，原动词的完成时改为过去时。女口： He died three years ago. He came here three mon ths ago.C.用“ It is / has been +段时间+ si nee （般过去时）”结构。如： It is / has been three years since he died It is
12、/ has bee n three mon ths since he came hereD .用"多长时间+ has passed + since （一般过去时）”结构。如： Three years has passed since he died Three months has passed since he came here3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已成为一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时 间的状语连用。如： I haven't heard from him for two weeks 我已两个星期没收到他的信了4） 终止性动词的否定式同until 一起
13、连用，构成“not. until"结构，意为"直到才”,表示这个动作直到 until 所表达的时间到来时才发生。如： We won't go to visit the Great Wall until the rain stops 直到雨停了我们才会去参观长城。When did you go to bed last night ？昨晚你几点钟点上床睡觉的？I didn't go to bed until my father got home 直到我爸爸到家我才上床睡觉。5） 在while （表示“一段时间”）引导的从句中，不能用终止性动词，但when可以，因
14、为 when 可表示“时间的点” ，也可表示“一段时间” 。如： 误： While I got to the village ， it was dark 正： When I got to the village ， it was dark 6） 终止性动词肯定式的完成时不能和how long 连用。如:误： How long have you borrow the book ？可改用延续性动词或与 when 连用的一般过去时。正： How long have you kept the book ？ 正： When did you borrow the book ？ 2延续性动词的用法1）延续性
15、动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时可以同一段时间状语连用。如： I have waited for him for nearly two hours 我等他快两个小时了。2）终止性动词不能和表一段时间的状语连用。同样，延续性动词也不能和表示短暂时间的 时间点连用。如： 误： It rained at eight yesterday morning rain 为延续性动词，而 at eight 是表示时 间点的状语， 显然矛盾。 如果要用延续性动词表示一瞬间的行为， 可以借助 come， get， begin 等终止性动词来表达。上句可改为： It began to rain at eight y
16、esterday morning 3）在 until 引导的时间状语从句中，若主句的谓语动词是持续性动词，既可以用肯定形式， 也可以用否定形式，但句子含义不同。试比较 She listened to the radio until her father came back 她一直听收音机到她父亲回来。She didn't listen to the radio until her father came back 直到她父亲回来才听收音机。 【强化训练】（ 1） My brother the Youth League for two years A has been inB has e
17、ntered Chas taken part in D has joined in have you been away from home？ （ I have been away from home） For fiveyearsA How muchB What timeC How longDWhen（ 3） The meeting for five hours A has finishedB has endedC has been overDhas stopped（ 4） When Jack arrived ， he and Mary_ for almost an hour A had go
18、neB had set offC had leftDhad been away（ 5） The baby _ for eleven hours A fell asleepB has fallen asleep C has got to sleepDhas been asleep（ 6） While I Beijing ， it was raining very hard A got toB reachedC arrived inDvisited（ 7） How long have you ？ Since two years agoA fallen illB been illC left homeDmarried8） What was the party like ？ Wonderful 9） It is weeks since he So it is We'd better ask someone else to help usAfell illB. was illC. is illD . has been ill10）rII lend you my book , but you can onlyit for three days .AborrowB. keepC. takeD . got