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1、中山大学二一一年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题普通心理学一、选择题（请选择一个最合适的答案，每题2 分，共 72 分）。答题时请在答题纸上写上题号和相应答案。1. 控制无意识以及重要生命功能（如呼吸和血液循环）的脑部结构是A. ponsB. medullaC. cerebellumD. corpus callosum2. 动觉系统（ kinesthetic system ）与以下什么有关？A. maintaining the relative position of body partsB. the location of the body in spaceC. the sense of fo
2、rward accelerationD. sensing body movement, as in a car3. 下面哪位心理学家最先提出“自由意志是一种错觉”（ "free will is an illusion" ）？A. Abraham MaslowB. Wilhelm WundtC. B.F. SkinnerD. Carl Rogers4. 小王对一个疗养院的住户进行有关年龄的描述性统计。她算出来住户的平均年龄是75岁，标准差是 10 岁：后来她发现她的计算有错误：其中一位住户是 72 岁而被误写成了27 岁。如果纠正了这个错误，那么：A. the standar
3、d deviation for the data set will decreaseB. the standard deviation for the data set will not changeC. the standard deviation for the data set will increaseD. the correlation coefficient for the data set will become negative5. 研究人员设计了一项研究来考察儿童的行为是否会受到其他儿童在场影响。首先，儿童被带到一个没有其他儿童的房间里，让儿童完成一个难题并且计时。然后， 这
4、个儿童被带到有其他儿童的另一个房间里，也让他完成一个类似的难题，并且计时。 这个研究中， 完成难题的时间是:A. the independent variableB. an extraneous variableC. a control variableD. the dependent variable6. 下面的相关系数中，最不可能根据一个变量来预测另一个变量的是：A. 0.00B. +0.99C. +0.17D. -0.50组。7. 研究人员想要知道富含蛋白质的饮食是否会提高大鼠在走迷宫时的表现。一组大鼠吃高 蛋白食物，而另一组大鼠吃普通食物。在这个研究中， 吃高蛋白食物的大鼠是组； 吃普
5、通食物的是A. 控制；控制B. 控制；实验C. 实验；实验D. 实验；控制8. 下面哪一句关于感觉经验的内在测量（inner measurements ）的论述最准确：A. Thereis generally a one-to-onecorrespondencewiththephysical intensityof thestimulus.B. There is a one-to-one correspondence with the physical intensity of the stimulus at lower intensity levels, but not at higher
6、intensity levels.C. There is no one-to-onecorrespondencewiththe physical intensityof thestimulus,especially at the higher intensity levels.D. Althoughthereis a one-.to-onecorrespondencewiththephysical intensityof the stimulus far vision, there is no similar correspondence for hearing.9. 在昏暗的光线中，眼睛的瞳
7、孔会：A. dilated, producing a sharper imageB. constricted, producing a sharper imageC. constricted, producing an image that is not as sharpD. dilated, producing an image that is not as sharp10. 耳朵的哪一个部分与保持平衡有关?A. the cochleaB. the basilar membraneC. the semicircular canalsD. the ossicles11. 设计一台会下象棋的超级
8、计算机工程师向一位心理学家求助，来设计一个问题解决的算法，这位心理学家最有可能是：A. a behavioral psychologistB. a humanistic psychologistC. a biological psychologistD. a cognitive psychologist12. 小林参加了一个关于压力反应（stress reaction ）的实验，以下哪个仪器最有可能用来测量她的肌肉紧张状态（muscle tension ）？A. electromyographB. circadiometerC. electroencephalographD. polygrap
9、h13. 根据 Freud 关于梦的内容的研究，以下哪个最不可能出现在一个学生的梦里？A. falling from the top of a tall building on campusB. being chased by his or her most feared instructorC. a political candidate who held strong views about tuition increasesD. missing an important exam14. 如果你从洛杉矶乘飞机往东京飞（向西飞），你会飞过 6 个时区，根据倒时差（Jet lag） 经验法你每
10、飞过一个时区需要_，或者总共需要来调整时差。A. 三分之二天；四天B. 一天；六天C. 两天；十二天D. 四小时；大约一天15. 为了弱化或者消除条件化反应（conditional response ），你需要呈现：A. the UCS before the CS several timesB. the CS alone several timesC. the UCS alone several timesD. extra pairings of the CS and UCS16. 明明是个四岁大的孩子，他的父母想教他说“请”和“谢谢”。他们最好通过什么方法来实现 ?A. classical
11、conditioningB. higher-order conditioningC. non-contingent reinforcementD. operant conditioning17. 有一只在斯金纳箱里面的大鼠，每次红灯亮时它需要按一下杠。但是， 当绿灯亮时大鼠不按杠。这时，灯的颜色是一个：A. a positive reinforcer for bar pressingB. a negative reinforcer for bar pressingC. an unconditioned stimulus for bar pressingD. a discriminative s
12、timulus for bar pressing18. ShaquilIe 是一位职业篮球运动员， 他不知道他每次投篮是否都能命中，但是他投的次数越多，他就可能命中越多次。 这个例子中， Shaquille 的投篮行为是以什么方式被强化的?A. a fixed-ratio scheduleB. a fixed-interval scheduleC. a variable-ratio scheduleD. a variable-interval schedule19. 信息进入记忆系统以及之后被运用的过程是：A. encoding retrieval storageB. encoding sto
13、rageretrievalC. storage retrieval acquisitionD. acquisition encoding retrieval20. Hayden 向 Shane 解释他的新电脑游戏规则。这些关于规则的信息是从Hoyden 的_中提取的？A. prospective memoryB. declarative memoryC. procedural memoryD. implicit memory21. 功能固着（ Functional fixedness ）是指：A. continued use of problem solving strategies that
14、 have worked in the pastB. arriving at a particularly insightful solution to a problemC. focusing on information that is irrelevant to the solution of the problemD. not seeing a new function for a familiar abject22. Elisa 在输入一个关于成年男性的调查问卷数据。其中一个被试的身高是195 cm，但是关于他职业描述的字迹难以辨认。看起来像“basketball player ”或
15、“ bank president ”。她决定输入篮球运动员为职业，这个时候Elisa，A. demonstrated the conjunction fallacy in making her decisionB. probably relied on the representativeness heuristic to make her decisionC. demonstrated overextension in making her decisionD. probably relied on the availability heuristic to make her decisio
16、n23. 一个十岁的小孩在比奈智力测试上得了8 分，请问他的智商是：A. 80B. 100C. 125D. 7524. 皮亚杰认为认知发展包括A. stages that are characterized by fundamentally different thought processesB. increases in the quantity, but not the quality, of knowledge with age.C. passive reception of environmental stimuliD. age-related changes in attentio
17、n and memory25. 信度（ Reliability ）是指A. ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measureB. numerical index that describes the degree of relationship between two variablesC. extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct.D. measurement consistency
18、 of a test26. 下面哪一个变量可以作为最好的预测幸福感的指标？A. healthB. moneyC. parenthoodD. intelligence27. 下面哪一个人格特质不属于“大五”人格之一？A. emotionalB. conscientiousC. open to experienceD. neuroticism28. 如果一个婴儿天生具有小头，听觉障碍， 智障和行为发展阵碍， 他的母亲最可能在怀孕期间：A. had smallpox early in her pregnancyB. been an alcoholicC. continued to work duri
19、ng pregnancyD. smoked during pregnancy29. 孕期（ prenatal development ）的第一个阶段是：A. embryonic stageB. germinal stageC. fetal stageD. postnatal stage30. 儿童独立解决问题的实际发展水平与在成人指导下或在与有能力的同伴合作中解决问题的忙在发展水平之间的差距叫做：A. scaffoldingB. conservationC. zone of proximal developmentD. assimlation31. 行为治疗师（ behavior therap
20、ist ）治疗变态行为的主要目的是为了发现：A. the childhood unconscious conflict that led to the behaviorB. how situational factors are evoking the troublesome behaviorC. the ways in which the behavior keeps the client from becoming self-actualizedD. the inappropriate thought patterns that underlie the behavior32. 根据进化心
21、理学家（evolutionarypsychologist ）的观点，以下哪个特征在求偶过程（ mating ）中是最不重要的？A. ambitionB. social statusC. financial potentialD. physical attractiveness33. 许多研究表明，态度（attitude ）只对行为具有一般预测作用。一种解释是：A. subjects often intentionally lie about both their attitudes and their behaviorB. researchers failed to operationaliz
22、e the concept of an attitudeC. researchers failed to take variations in attitude strength into accountD. general beliefs and feelings aren't likely to predict specify behaviors very well34. 迟发性运动障碍（Tardive dyskinesia） :A. is a serious side effect of long-term use of antidepressant drugsB. can be
23、 cured with the same medication used to treat Parkinson's diseaseC. is a neurological disorder marked by in voluntary writhing and tic-like movementsD. can emerge after long-term use of lithium35. 高成就动机的人会具有以下特征，除了:A. a tendency to delay gratification in order to pursue long-term goalsB. a tende
24、ncy to respond poorly to negative feedbackC. a tendency to work hard on tasksD. a tendency to be persistent on tasks36. 类属思维（ stereotype ）是A. an organized cluster of ideas about categories of social events attributionsB. a widely held belief that people will behave in a certain wayC. a widelyheldbel
25、iefthatpeoplewillhave certaincharacteristicsbecause oftheir membership in a specific groupD. an estimate as to the correlation between a social trait and its association with behavior二、问答题 (共 78 分)1. 你能想出在现实生活中， 除了教育、 工作和临床场合之外， 其他受到心理测验影响的领域吗？心理测验是否能促进这些领域的发展呢？（10 分）2. 请比较和评价遗忘的两个理论：痕迹消退说（Decay The
26、ory）和干扰说（ interference theory ）。（ 10 分）3. 请比较行为主义（behavorist ）和先天论（ nativist ）关于语言获得的理论。Interactionist的观点是什么？它怎么解决上面两种理论的不足之处？（12 分）4. 阐述关于音调知觉（ pitchperception ）的两种理论：地点说（place theory ）和频率说（ frequency theory ），并且解决它们之间的矛盾。 （ 12 分）5. 请从不同人格理论来分析怎样影响现代生活的某些方面（12 分）6. 简要描述 Kohlberg 的道德感发展阶段说，并讨论这个理论的优缺点（12 分）7. 什么是归因风格？我们为什么要归因？解释内部归因和外部归因（internal and external attributions ）的区别？（ 10 分）