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1、Rounding out the paper1. First draftUnder normal circumstances, the following should be done when writ ing thew first draft:1) Prepare an outlineDraw up an outl ine before writi ng the paper and follow it.2) Prepare adequate materialsPrepare and have readily available the required writing materials.
2、Sufficie nt material is the basic guara ntee for paper writi ng.3) Write as you thinkOnce you start writing, write down what you think without rigidly adheri ng to a word limit .If the paper is too short, it is possible that part of the inten ded material was omitted.4) Keep a balanee between the se
3、ctionsSecti ons and paragraphs should be bala need in order to maintain an appropriate level of detail.5) Document the references while quotingProvide citatio n, no tes and referen ces as n eeded. The docume ntati on should be complete and follow a unified format, i.e. The formal of the target jour
4、nal.6) Deal with the difficulties laterRecord difficult problems encoun tered in the writi ng process and deal with them later.7) Constantly back up the file documentI f a computer is used in paper writing, always save the file in a backup to avoid the loss of documents because of viruses or misoper
5、atio n.2. RevisionIt is quite com mon for there to be in adequacieswhich n eed to be revised after the first draft of the paper is completed, no matter in the structure and cohere nee or rhetoric and logic.1) En tire FrameworkIs the framework complete?2) Partial modificatio nIs there unity in the pa
6、ragraphs?3) LanguageLan guage is often modified on the final stage which may invo Ive the follow ing issues:Grammar, vocabulary, senten ces,3. Editing GuidelinesMi ni mal use of passive voiceUse of specific detailsCon siste ncy of verb tenseMini mal use of forms "to be"Varied sentence stru
7、cture, rhythm and len gthWord choice: clear, effective con ciseGrammar: pronoun -an tecede nt agreeme nt, subject-verb agreeme nt, sentence fragme nts/ run-onsSpelli ngPun ctuati on: comma, splices, quotati on s,titles.4. Proofreading ChecklistUse this simple checklist to guide you whe n you are pro
8、ofread ing your essays and writte n work.Have I used correct ten ses in the essay?Do I have problem with the agreeme nt of verb with the subject?Have I used clause structure correctly?Have I con sidered if my vocabulary is as academic and precise as possible?Have I con sidered carefully my choice of
9、:Nouns , pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, possible synonyms, senten cesHave I proofread the en tire essay to make sure there are no typing and spelli ng errors?Have I set out my referen ces in an appropriate format?5. Final Checklist1) TitleThe title is the key of the paper, which should be con
10、 cise andattractive.2) In troducti onAlways check the appropriatenessof your research question, desig n, readi ng.etc.3) Research Questi onsThis should be clearly and con cisely formulated and situated in relatio n to established literature in the area. I t should focus on a specific/ exact questio
11、n/ problem to which you can reas on ably expect to offer a specific resp onse withi n the scope of the paper.4) HypothesisThis should be formulated before you start your researchand state what you expect to be the answer to your question. It should en capsulate the point of the paper.5) Theoretical
12、frameworkThis should indicate the theoretical/ analytical underpinnings of the paper: the theories, concepts, perspectives that you will use to defe nd your hypothesis.6) MethodologyThis refers to the methods you will use; the way in which you will collect, in terpret and user in formatio n and data
13、.7) SourcesYou should already have checked the availability and appropriate ness of the sources you intend to use. These would no rmally in clude the most importa nt and releva nt literature in the field; rece nt journal articles; the source of your theoretical/ analytical framework; gen eral/histor
14、ical backgr ound material; substa ntive empirical qua ntitative material; data or information you have collected yourself; material for comparis on, etc.8) Origi nalitySome aspects of the paper should be origi nal. This could be the presentation of new empirical material, a new interpretation of existing material, the application of an existing theoretical or analytical perspective to a new area, the dem on strati on of a new problem/questi on that arises from exist ing research,etc.