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1、英文法律文书简明教程一、缩写Abbreviations规则1、在正式写作中，应当避免使用缩写，除非有下述规则2、规则3和规则4的情形。Informalwriting,oneshouldnotuseabbreviations,exceptasindicatedinrules2,3,and4below.例如：Incorrect:TheU.S.SupremeCourtheldthatthedefendantsrightshadbeenviolated.Correct:TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtheldthatthedefendantsrightshadbeenviolat
2、ed.Incorrect:ProfessorJonasmentionedseveralcitiesthathavedomestic-partnershipordinances,e.g.,NewYorkandSanFrancisco.Correct:ProfessorJonasmentionedseveralcitiesthathavedomestic-partnershipordinances,includingNewYorkandSanFrancisco.Incorrect:TheCourtannounceditsdecisioninthecaseonOct.12,1994.Correct:
3、TheCourtannounceditsdecisioninthecaseonOctober12,1994.规则2、如果一个缩写的应用已经非常普遍，在一般用法中已经取代了全称，则可以使用缩写；但使用此缩写时不应该使用表示缩写的英文句号.。Whenanabbreviationhasbecomesocommonthatithassupplantedthefullnameincommonusage,onemayusetheabbreviation;however,oneshoulddosowithouttheuseofperiods.例如：Incorrect:TheN.A.A.C.P.wasthes
4、ubjectofaprofileonC.B.S.lastweek.Correct:TheNAACPwasthesubjectofaprofileonCBSlastweek.注：NAACPabbr.NationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople(美国)全国有色人种协进会，CBSabbr.美国哥伦比亚广播公司(ColumbiaBroadcastingSystem)However:ThedefendantinthecaseisR.J.ReynoldsIndustries,Inc.请注意，在上面的例子中，字母R和J后面的句号.应当保留，因为这个缩
5、写所代表的含义并非广为人知。一般来说，这样的缩写应当使用全称；但是在上面的例子中不能用全称，因为缩写R.J.是公司注册名称中使用的。Noticethatintheprecedingexample,thepointsafter"R"and"J"shouldbeleftin,becausethemeaningoftheabbreviationisnotsufficientlywellknowntomostreaders.Ordinarily,onewouldreplacesuchanabbreviationwiththefullterms;however,o
6、necannotdosointhiscasebecausethelegalcorporatenameinvolvedincludestheabbreviation.规则3、当使用legalcitation时，一定要按照Bluebook见译注的要求来缩写。但在行文中提及法院时，不应用缩写。Whenwritinglegalcitations,alwaysusetheabbreviationsrequiredbytheBluebook.However,whenreferringtoacourtintext,donotabbreviate.Forexample:例如：Incorrect:TheIll.
7、SupremeCourtrequiredthereturnofthechildtohisbirthmother.Smithsonv.Bettaglia,59Illinois2d73,180NortheastReporter2d754(1994).Correct:TheIllinoisSupremeCourtrequiredthereturnofthechildtohisbirthmother.Smithsonv.Bettaglia,59Ill.2d73,180N.E.2d754(1994).规则4、当行文中涉及的公司在其注册名称中含有一个或多个缩写时，如R.J.ReynoldsIndustri
8、es,Inc.，应当保留缩写；不要把缩写所代表的全称全部拼出，除非公司的注册名称中已经全部拼出，如ExxonShippingCompany。这条规则适用于所有的公司名称中，包括Co.，Corp.，Inc.和Ltd.。Whenreferringtoacorporateentitythathasoneormoreabbreviationsaspartofitslegalname,suchasR.J.ReynoldsIndustries,Inc.,leavetheabbreviationsinthename.Donotspellouttheabbreviationunlessthecorporati
9、onitselfspellsitout,whichsomedo(forexample,ExxonShippingCompany).Thisruleappliestoallofthevariousformsofcorporatedesignations,includingCo.,Corp.,Inc.,andLtd.例如：Incorrect:McDermottInternational,IncorporatedCorrect:McDermottInternational,Inc.二、缩略符当一个同学向教授提交书面作业或向律师事务所提交书面资料时，没有什么比错误的使用或不使用缩略符造成的负面印象更严
10、重了。因此，掌握这些简单，却经常容易混淆的规则非常重要。在四种情形下使用或不使用缩略符容易引起混淆，分别是1复数词2单数所有格3复数所有格和4its和its的缩写形式Contractions，seecrossreferencehereunder与所有格。是否使用所有格，要先问问自己是否涉及领有关系。如果是领有关系，名词或带词就要采用所有格。规则1、Plainpluralwordsdonotrequiretheuseofanapostrophe.Forexample:Incorrect:ThelawyerscouldgenerallybefoundafterhoursattheHanoverSt
11、reetBarandGrill.(Theapostrophehereincorrectlyindicatesasingularpossessive.)Incorrect:ThelawyerscouldgenerallybefoundafterhoursattheHanoverStreetBarandGrill.(Theapostrophehereincorrectlyindicatesapluralpossessive.)Correct:ThelawyerscouldgenerallybefoundafterhoursattheHanoverStreetBarandGrill.(Thelack
12、ofanapostropheherecorrectlyindicatesaplural,nonpossessiveterm.)规则2、Insingularpossessiveterms,placetheapostrophebeforethe"s."Thiswillindicateownershipbyonepersonorthing.Forexample:Incorrect:OurschoolscollectionincludedanoriginalsetofBlackstonesCommentaries.Incorrect:OurschoolscollectionincludedanoriginalsetofBlackstonesCommentaries.