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1、should和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。-Ought he to go?-Yes. I think he ought to.表示要求，命令时，语气由 should （应该）、had better最好）、must （必须）渐强1）动词+不定式affordaimappearagree arrangeaskbedecide bothercarechoosecomedaredemanddesiredetermineexpectelectendeavorhopefailhappenhelp1hesitate learn longmeanmanageoffe
2、roughtplanpreparepretendpromise refuseseemtendwaitwishundertake举例：The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2）动词+不定式； 动词+宾语+不定式ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wi
3、shI like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom.我想和汤姆谈话。I want you to speak to Tom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。不定式彳补语1）动词+宾语+不定式（to do）adviseallowbelievecausechallenge commandconsiderenableencourage findguesshireimagineinvite knowlikeorderpermitp
4、ersuade remindreportrequestrequireselect sendtellthinktrustunderstand urgewarn例句：a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b. We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。Find的特殊用法：Find后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带 to的动词不定式。find后也 可带一个从句。此类动词还有get, have。I found him lying on the ground.I f
5、ound it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important. 典型例题：The next morning she found the man in bed , dead.A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在 进行，过去分词表达被动。2） to + be的不定式结构，作补语的动词。believe, consider, think, declare（声称）,discover, feel find,
6、guess, imagine, know, prove, understandWe consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。典型例题Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented答案： A. 由 consider to do sth. 排除 B、 D。 . 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定
7、式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选Co不定式主语1 ） It's easy （for me） to do that. 我做这事太容易了easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enoughIt's so nice to hear your voice.
8、听到你的声音真高兴。It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。2） It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。 Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate（ 考虑周到的）, silly, selfish（ 自私的 ）例句 :It was silly of us to believe him.
9、 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。注意： 1） 其他系动词如，look ， appear 等也可用于此句型2） 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。3）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用 It isto的句型（ 对 ）To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。（错 ）It is to believe to see.It's for sb. 和 It's of sb.1） for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，
10、表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting,impossible 等：It's very hard for him to study two languages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2） of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, riht 。It's very nice of you to help me.你来帮助我，你真是太好了。*for 与 of 的辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句
11、子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for如：You are nice. （ 通顺，所以应用of） 。He is hard. （ 人是困难的，不通，因此应用for 。 ）2 ）作宾语a. 动词后加动名词doing 作宾语 V. + doing sthadmit 承认appreciate 感激,赞赏avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 认为 deny 否认endure 忍受enjoy 喜欢 prevent 阻止finish 完成 imagine 想象mind 介意miss 想念postpone 推迟 practise 训练resist 抵抗 resume 继续 risk 冒险
12、suggest 建议face 面对 understand 理解forgive 宽恕 keep 继续举例：（1） Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?b. 词组后接doingadmit toprefer tolook forward to（to 为介词）（2） The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.busybe used to 习惯于lead to devote oneself to stick tono good, no use, It'
13、s worth ， as well as,can't help, It's no use /good be tired ofbe fond of be capable of be afraid of be proud of think of / about put off keep on insist on be successful in good at take upgive up burst out prevent from 3）作表语Her job is washing ， cleaning and taking care of the children.动名词与不定式
14、1 ） 动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的2）接不定式或动名词，意义相同。3）动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：1 stop to dostop doing2 forget to doforget doing3 remember to doremember doing4 regret to doregret doing5 cease to docease doing6 try to dotry doing7 go on to dogo on doing8 afraid to doafraid
15、doing9 interested to dointerested doing10 mean to domean doing11 begin/ start to dobegin/ start doingstop doing/to dostop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。典型例题She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the
16、 side of the path.A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest答案：Co由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stop to dosth. 停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth. 不正确。forget doing/to do forget to do 忘记要去做某事。（未做）forget doing 忘记做过某事。（已做 ）The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn i
17、t off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动作）He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。（ 已做过关灯的动作）Don't forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。（to come 动作未做）典型例题The light in the office is still on.Oh ， I forgot_.A. turning it off B. turn it off 答案：Co 由 the light is still onC. to turn it offD. having turned it off可知
18、灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.9此处不符合题意。（ 未做 ）而 forget doing sth 表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事remember doing 记得做过某事（已做 ）Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?regret doing/to dor
19、egret to do 对要做的事遗憾。（未做）regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。（已做 ）I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.-Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C. to
20、 have done D. having done答案：D。 regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。try doing/to do try to do 努力，企图做某事。try doing 试验，试着做某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。go on doing/to dogo on to do 做了一件事后，接着
21、做另一件事。go on doing 继续做原来做的事。After he had finished his maths ， he went on to do his physics.做完数学后，他接着去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕 "；be afraid of doing 担心出现doing 的状况、结果。doi
22、ng 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。be interested doing/to do interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。interested
23、in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道发生了什么事。（想了解 ）I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?（一种想法）mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想mean doing 意味着I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父
24、亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。begin（start） doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano?你几岁时开始弹钢琴？2) begin, start 用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to doI was beginning to get angry
25、 。我开始生起气来。3) 在 attempt, intend, begin, start 后接 know, understand, realize 这类动词时，常用不定式to doI begin to understand the truth 。我开始明白真相。4) 物作主语时It began to melt.感官动词+ doing/to do 感官动词see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell,taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him wo
26、rk in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。（强调"我看见了"这个事实）I saw him working in the garden yesterday. （强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。典型例题1 ） They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood.A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow答案：Ao因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此
27、用 see sb do sth 的句型。2） The missing boy was last seen _ near the river.A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play答案 A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth 句型。比较过去时与现在完成时1 ）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2 ）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterda
28、y, last week ,ago, in1980, in October, just now,具体的时间状语共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight,this April, now, once， before, already, recently ， lately现在完成时的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不确定的时间状语3 ） 现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如 live, teach, l
29、earn, work, study,know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。举例：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）Who hasn't handed in his paper?（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）She has returned from Par
30、is.她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。He has been in the League for three years.（ 在团内的状态可延续）He has been a League member for three years.（ 是团员的状态可持续）He joined the League three years ago.（ 三年前入团，joined 为短暂行为。）I have finished my homework now.-Will somebody go and get Dr. White?-He's already be
31、en sent for.句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960 ）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错） Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对） Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.用于现在完成时的句型1） It is the first / second time .that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It wa
32、s the third time that the boy had been late.2） This is thethat结构，that从句要用现在完成时.This is the best film that I've （ever） seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。典型例题（1） -Do you know our town at all?-No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C.
33、 came D. am coming答案 B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。（2） -Have you been to our town before?-No, it's the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come答案 D. ever 意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never ， 此两词常用于完成时。This is the largest fishI have ever seen. It is / w
34、as the first time +that-clause的句型中，从句要用完成时。注意： 非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错） I have received his letter for a month.（对） I haven't received his letter for almost a month.比较since和for Since用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here sinc
35、e I was born.My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for
36、more than twenty years.（ 我现在已不在这里工作。）I have worked here for many years.（ 现在我仍在这里工作。）小窍门：当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。1) (对 ) Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2) (错 ) Harry has got married for six y
37、ears.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然， 第二句不对，它应改为Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married forsix years.since的四种用法 1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, halfpast six) 。I have been here since 1989.2) since + 一段时间+ agoI have be
38、en here since five months ago.3) since + 从句Great changes have taken place since you left.Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.4) It is + 一段时间+ since 从句It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.延续动词与瞬间动词1) 用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。He has completed the
39、 work.他已完成了那项工作。( 表结果 )I've known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。( 表经历 )2) 用于 till / until 从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做直到"瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到，才”He didn't come back until ten o'clock.他到 10 点才回来。He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10点。典型例题1 . You don't need to describe her. I _ her several
40、 times.A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet答案 B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times 告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。2 .-I'm sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes.A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be答案 A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。和more 有关的词组 1) the more the
41、more 越就越The harder you work ， the greater progress you'll make.2) more B than A 与其说A不如说Bless A than BHe is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.3) no more than 与样,不比多The officials could see no more than the Emperor.no less than 与样He is no less diligent than you
42、.4) more than 不只是，非常She is more than kind to us all.典型例题1 ) The weather in China is different from.A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America答案：D.本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的。ne常用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。2） After the new technique was
43、introduced , the factory produced tractors in 1988 as the yearbefore.A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as答案 C. 此句意为"这个厂1988 能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。 表示倍数用"倍数 + as + 形容词原形 + as + 比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。This ruler is three times as long as that one.as +形容词或副词原级 + a
44、s1 ）在否定句或疑问句中可用soas。He cannot run so/as fast as you.2）当asas中间有名词时采用以下格式。as + 形容词 + a + 单数名词as + many/much + 名词This is as good an example as the other is.I can carry as much paper as you can.3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在 as的前面。This room is twice as big as that one. Your room is the same size as mine.4） 倍数
45、 + as + adj. + as <=> 倍数 + then + ofThis bridge is three times as long as that one.This bridge is three times the length of that one.Your room is twice as large as mine.Your room is twice the size of mine.比较级形容词或副词+ thanYou are taller than I.They lights in your room are as bright as those in m
46、ine.注意：1 ）要避免重复使用比较级。（ 错 ） He is more cleverer than his brother.（ 对 ） He is more clever than his brother.（ 对 ） He is clever than his brother.2 ）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。（ 错 ） China is larger that any country in Asia.（ 对 ） China is larger than any other countries in Asia.3 ）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。The population of S
47、hanghai is larger than that of Beijing.It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.4）要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词。比较： Which is large, Canada or Australia?Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?She is taller than her two sisters.She is the taller of the two sisters.可修饰比较级的词1 ） a bit, a little