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1、第九讲 定语从句与名词性从句适用学科高中英语适用年级高中三年级适用区域人教新课标版课时时长（分钟）90分钟知识点1. 定语从句的关系词，限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句；2. 主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句的用法教学目标1.掌握定语从句和名词性从句的用法；2.能够正确判定从句类型并选择正确的连接词教学重点定语从句的关系词，介词加关系代词的用法，定从与其他句型的区别；名词性从句连接词的选择教学难点从句连接词的选择教学过程 一、复习预习1、 复习时态语态知识点2、订正上节课课后作业并讲解重点题目 二、知识讲解（一）定语从句1 基本概念1）先行词：由一个句子作定语，修饰句中一个名词或代词，
2、有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容，这样的从句就是定语从句，被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。2）关系词的分类：分为两大类，即关系代词和关系副词，其作用一是引出一个定语从句，二是代替其所修饰的先行词，三是在句中充当某个句子成分。关系词的分类和基本用法表一分类指代引导词关系代词人who, whom, that, as事物which, that, as人或物（表所属关系）whose关系副词地点where时间when原因why 关系代词指代例句解释who人The man who helped you is Mr White.在定从中作主语whomThat is the person(whom/who
3、/that) you want to see.在定从中作宾语，可省略1 / 22whoseHe is the father whose son studies very well in our class.在定从中作定语thatI´m not the fool that you thought me to be.在定从中作表/主/宾语asHe is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.在定从中作主/宾语that事物The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice.在定
4、从中作作表/主/宾语whichA dictionary is a useful book which tells us the meaning of words在定从中作作表/主/宾语whoseHe lives in a room whose window faces south在定从中作定语asIt is such a big stone as nobody can lift.在定从中作宾语整句内容As is known to all, he is the best student.在定从中作主语表二 关系副词指代例句解释when时间Would you suggest a time when
5、 we can have a talk?在定从中作状语where地点The house where they live is not very large.在定从中作状语why原因This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.在定从中作状语2. 定语从句的注意点1）that与which, who, whom的用法区别情 况用法说明例 句只用that的情况先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时先行词被all, any, every, each, much,
6、 little, no, some, few等修饰时He told me everything that he knows.All the books that you 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时先行词既指人又指物时先行词被the only, the very修饰时句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时offered has been given out.This is the best film that I have ever read.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.He is the o
7、nly man that I want to see.Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情况在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is
8、talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.只用that，in which或不用关系词的情况the way做先行词时Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood.What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it
9、.A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which2）as、which和that的区别从句区 别例 句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”
10、的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.the same. as和the same .thatthe same. as指同类事物the same .that 指原物Thats the same tool as I used last week.（同类工具，不是同一把）Thats the same tool that I used last week.那就是
11、我上周用过的工具。3）where、when与why引导的定语从句关系副词用 法例 句where关系副词where引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作地点状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示(具体或抽象的)地点的名词。Were just trying to teach a point_ both sides will sit down together and talk.A. where B. that C. when D. whichwhen关系副词 when引导定语从句时, 只能在定语从句中作时间状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词。There was _time _I hated to go to
12、 school.A. a; that B. a; when C. the; that D. the ; whenwhy关系副词why引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作原因状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示原因的名词。Do you know the reason why she was put into prison? 你知道她坐牢的原因吗？4） “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物，用“介词+which/whose”,指人则用“介词+whom/whose”, 且两个关系代词均不能省略。
13、介词的选择要遵循两个原则：原则内 容例 句原则一根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction_ she had come.A. of which B.by which C.in which D. from which解析此题考查由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，根据句意用from which表示“所来的那个方向”，故答案选D原则二根据先行词而定There are t
14、wo buildings , _ stands nearly a hundred feet high.A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which解析 the larger of which指代the larger of the two buildings ，which 在定语从句中指代 building，作介词of的宾语，故答案为D。5）定语从句与先行词被分割开来的现象定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语
15、从句叫作被分隔的定语从句，在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。现 象例 句在定语从句加中插入语，常见的有：I think ,I suppose ,I guess ,I imagine等。辨别的方法是：去掉插入语后，原句句法结构仍然完整。-Is that the small town you often refer to? - Right, just the one _ you know I used to work for years. A. that B. which C. where D. what解析 work是不及物动词，先行词one在定语从句中只能作地
16、点状语，You know 在句中作插入语，所以答案选C 。He made another wonderful discovery ,_of importance to science .A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think is解析这里I think 是插入语，which 引导非限制性定语从句，故选A。在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.在太空中有成千上万
17、的象太阳般的星星。乍一看，that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面，似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想，” 不对啊， 天空怎么能象太阳呢？“，原来that引导的定语从句被in the sky这个地点 状语分隔开来，修饰中心词stars。在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamondnecklace?你还记得吗，十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链？when I came to your house and bo
18、rrowed a diamond necklace实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰 years。ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后6）定语从句与其它从句（句型）的区别类 别区 别例 句定语从句与并列句定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导
19、定语从句的关系词了。 Mr Li has three daughters，none of _ is an engineer Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _ is a dancer从结构上看，小题是定语从句，故填whom；小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them。定语从句与状语从句定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place）Lets go where w
20、e can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）It was already five oclock when the class was over.=When the class was over, it was already five oclock. 当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句）When, where和
21、why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked. 这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句）Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句）定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢
22、的如此有趣的书。（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。（that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）定语从句与同位语从句定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very
23、happy. 她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。（同位语从句）此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam 可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam. The news that he told us interested all of us.他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句）The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句不能改写为：The news is that he told us.定语从句与强调句强调句的结构为“It iswas被强调部分that从
24、句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。It is on the morning of May 1st _ I met Liang Wei at the airport It is the factory _ Mr Wang works从结构上看：小题是强调句，故填 that。小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in，故填 where。此外还要注意下列两点：定语从句与习惯句型 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
25、AIt is the first time _ she has been in Shanghai BIt was the time _ Chinese people had a hard life 解析：这里A小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It iswas the firstsecond time that从句。故A填that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。B小题the time是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填 when。定语从句与简单句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 A. The mother told the lazy boy to work，_ didn't
26、 help B. The mother told the lazy boy to work_ didn't help 解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。A小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词which，前面整个句子作先行词；B小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。(二)名词性从句名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句厅分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。1引导名词性从句的连接词1）连接
27、代词：who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。2）连接副词：when, where, why, how。有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。3）连接词：that, whether, if. that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if (whether)虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。注意：连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句，因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分，连接词whether 和if（是否）在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。根据句义，如果连接代词与连接副词，whether
28、、if都用不上时，才用that作连接词（that本身无任何含义）。2主语从句1）主语从句在复合句作主语。eg. Who will go is not important.2）用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。eg. It doesnt matter so much whether you will come or not.3）that引导主语从句时，不能省略。eg. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.3表语从句1）表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。eg. The question was who could g
29、o there.2）引导表语从句的连接词that一般不可省去。eg. My idea is that we can get more comrades to help in the work.4宾语从句1）宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。eg. I hope (that) everything is all right.2）介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或 whether。eg. Im interested in whether youve finished the work. Im interested in what you
30、ve said.3）whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。eg. I wonder if it doesnt rain.用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。eg. Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解）宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。eg. I dont know whether or not the report is true.I dont know
31、 whether/ if the report is true or not.介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。eg. It depends on whether we have enough time. They dont know whether to go there. Please come to see me if you have time.5同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于
32、该名词（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。eg. I have no idea when he will be back. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. 三、例题精析1. Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected. A. whenB. whichC. whoseD. where2. The book te
33、lls stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _ lives were affected.A. whose B. that C. who D. which3.Happiness and success often come to those _ are good at recognizing their own strengths. A. whomB. whoC. whatD. which4.32. The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China ,
34、 he remembers starting as early as his childhood.A. where B. which C. what D. when5.33.He wrote a letter _ he explains what had happened in the accident.A. whatB. whichC. whereD. how6.34. He may win the competition, _ he is likely to get into the national team.A. in which case B. in that case C. in
35、what case D. in whose case7.31. There is no simple answer, _ is often the case in science. A. asB. that C. when D. where 8.35. Finally he reached a lonely island _ was completely cut off from the outside world. A. whenB. whereC. which D. whom 9. makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagin
36、ation of the writer. A. ThatB. WhatC. WhoD. Which10.Do not let any failures discourage you, for you can never tell _ close you may be to victory. A. howB. thatC. whichD. where11._ one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.A. WhoeverB. WhateverC. WhicheverD. Wherever 12.Its good to know _
37、the dogs will be well cared for while were away. A. what B. whoseC. which D. that 13.It remains to be seen the newly formed committees policy can be put into practice. A. that B. which C. what D. whether14.16.The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief _ you are better than
38、anyone else on the sports field.A. how B. that C. which D. whether15.From space, the earth looks blue. This is about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water. A. why B. how C. because D. whether 四、课堂运用【基础】1.16. is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arri
39、ved. A. It B. That C. What D. As2.9. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment _ they live.A. what B. which C. when D. where3. We have launched another man-made satellite, is announced in todays newspaper.A. that B. which C. who D. what4.4. When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the hou
40、se_ I would be staying.A. whatB. whenC. whereD. which5.33.”You cant judge a book by its cover,” .A. as the saying goes oldB. goes as the old sayingC. as the old saying goesD. goes as old the saying6.26. Police have found appears to be the lost ancient statue.A. whichB. whereC. howD. what7.16.The onl
41、y way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief _ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.A. how B. that C. which D. whether8.28. struck me most in the movie was the fathers deep love for his son.A. That B. It C. What D. Which9.21From space, the earth looks blue. This is ab
42、out seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water. A. why B. how C. because D. whether10.Police have found appears to be the lost ancient statue.A. whichB. whereC. howD. What【巩固】1. The children, _ had played the whole day long, were worn out.A. all of what B. all of which C. all of them D.
43、all of whom2.The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform _ visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.A. what B. where C. when D. why3. John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of are family members.A them B. that C. which D. whom4. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, made one of the