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1、Tour and AnderssonThe Three Hydronic Conditionsfor an accurate control in HVAC systems精确控制HVAC系统的三个水力工况条件q坯Why and how to satisfy them in the simplest way为什么及如何用最简单的方法满足这些条件空调系统的目的All HVAC installations should reach 2 fundamental objectives: 所有空调采暖系统应达到两个主要目的: To deliver the specified comfort level提
2、供要求的舒适度To reach the first objective, by consuming a minimum quantity of energy 以最少的能耗达到以上目的#Hydronic College#Hydronic CollegeProducti on 冷热源DistributionTerminal units输配系统末端装置3Hydronic College奇怪的现象rX In theory, current technology makes it possible to achieve these 2 objectives理论上,现代控制技术使实现这两个目标成为可能&g
3、t;ln practice, even the most sophisticated control systems lead often to reduced comfort at increased operation costs 但实际上,即使是最复杂的控制系统也不能带来满意的效果,而且运行成本较高 Too hot in some parts, too cold in others在某些地方太热,在某些地方太冷 Start up after a set-back difficult in some rooms在一些房间里回设之后的启动比较困难 Installed power is not
4、 deliverable 装机功率不能充分利用 Higher energy consumption than expectedmHydronic College比预期的能耗更高5水力糸统平衡简介In most cases, solutions are to be found on the hydronic side在大部分案例中,我们可以从水系统找到答案为什么水力系统要平衡?采暖及空调系统中水力平衡的技术是节能及提高供冷或供热品质的关键常见的问题在供热或空调系统中,由于种种原因,大部分输送环路及冷热源机组环路存在水力失 调,使得流经终端用户及机组的实际流量与设计流量不符。多数水泵选型偏大或水泵
5、运行在不合适的工作点处,导致水系统处于大流量、小温差 运行工况,水泵运行效率低、热量输送效率低。各用户处室温不一致、不稳定,近热源处室温偏高,远热源处室温偏低。近冷源处室 温偏低,远冷源处室温偏高。对热源或冷源机组来说,机组达不到其额定出力,使实际运行的机组台数超过按负荷 要求的台数。水力系统平衡的好处?采暖及空调系统中水力平衡的技术是节能及提高供冷或供热品质的关键提高舒适度-保证室温达到设计要求,短时间内达到设定温度流量分配合理-水力平衡阀可以吸收超量压差,还可以控制及设定系统所需的流量 节约能量,降低运行费用-在空调系统中温度每降低1 ° C,会造成能耗升高15%o-在供热系统中
6、温度每升高1 ° C,会造成能耗升高10%o1A-Hydronic College7水力糸统平衡简介为什么水力系统要平衡?采暖及空调系统中水力平衡的技术是节能及提高供冷或供热品质的关键§rgc*<«M 3 sv-3 orpef水力平衡系统的几种方法?水力失调分为静态水力失调与动态水力失调。 静态水力失调是指由于设计、施工、设备材料等原因导致的系统管道特性阻力数比值 与设计要求的系统管道特性阻力数比值不一致,从而使系统各户的实际流量与设计要 求流量不一致,引起的水力失调,叫做静态水力失调。静态水力失调是稳态的、根本性的,是系统本身所固有的,是暖通空调水系统中水
7、力 失调的重要因素。通过在管道系统中增设静态水力平衡阀,在系统初调试过程中对系统管道特性阻力数 比值进行调节,使其与设计要求一致,当系统总流量达到设计流量时,各空调单元也 同时达到设计流量。1A-Hydronic College#水力糸统平衡简介水力平衡系统的几种方法?水力失调分为静态水力失调与动态水力失调。动态水力失调是指系统实际运行过程中当某些阀门开度变化引起水流量改变时,系统 的压力产生波动,其他用户的流量也发生改变,偏离系统要求流量,从而引起的水力 失调,叫做动态水力失调。證态水力失调是动态的、变化的,不是系统本身所固有的,在系统运行的过程中产生躲需蠶鸚縣霜水鍔算豔譚魅监阀霧蠶藉解轨通
8、过动1A-Hydronic College水力循环系统的三个条件The design flow must be available at all terminal units in design conditions 所有末端装置必须都能够达到设计流量The differential pressure across the control valves must not vary too much.通过控制阀的压差不能有太大的变化The water flows must be compatible at system interfaces. 一二次环路水流量必须一致mHydronic Coll
9、ege“实用性”优于同程系统第一个水力工况条件第一个水力工况条件The design flow must be available at all terminal units in design conditions 所有末端装置必须都能够达到设计流量对于需要安装同程管道的同程系统,因为系统的不平 衡较大的单元将得到更多的流量。同程回路中各单元尺寸不一致<同程一cSj-管道c<>1,<-A-A-不平衡只有在所有单元尺寸相等的情况下同程回路可达到平衡1A-Hydronic College15“实用性”优于同程系统自动流量平衡阀淘汰了同程管的使用,节余资金的同 时提升系统的
10、工作表现。同程回路连接不同型号自动平衡的异程回路的单元在亚洲通常还在使用同程系统+手动平衡15在同程系统应用手动平衡自动平衡的异程回路mHydronic College输配系统mHydronic College输配系统At start-up, the first circuits are in overflow to the detriment of the last ones.在刚开始启动时,最近的回路发生 过流而损害了最后的回路的流量.Flowuoss 一 LU 山The start-up time will be Ion ger for the last circuits.最不利环路的启
11、动时间将相对较长.An overflow does not necessarily mean an in creased heat output.过流并不会成比例增加热量的输出mHydronic College输配系统When a plant is balanced, start-up can be achieved as required by design.当系统平衡时,起动将很快很好地达到设计所需的要求When a plant is unbalanced, it must be started earlier. 当系统不平衡时,必须更早地开始工作(开机).duJ2 UJOOM-2 -1h
12、oursmHydronic College#输配系统mHydronic College#输配系统start-up timemHydronic College#输配系统In many cases, the control system does not control the two-way valves any longer:在许多情况下,控制系统根本不能很好地控制两通阀门Start-up起动Sudden load variation负荷突然变化Weird set-point at the thermostat 温控装置的不理想设置mHydronic College19不舒适的成本The co
13、st of 1 °C too high room temperature in winter: 6 to 11%在冬季室温每升高1度的成本:百分之6到11The cost of 1 °C too low room temperature in summer: 12 to 18%在夏季室温每降低1度的成本:百分之12到18mHydronic College#mHydronic College#Un balanced,Supply t decreased Balan ced 平衡Un bala need不平衡mHydronic College317 18 19 20 21 22
14、 23 24 25 26 27Room temperature 室内温度 CmHydronic College#STAD平衡阀Hydronic CollegeSTAD平衡阀Shut offValve关断阀22Draining cock 泄水口Fast and easy to accessself-sealing measuringn ipples自密封测量口AMETAL alloy AMETALT"合金 Stem with EPDM O-ring 颈部EPDM的O型圈Valve with removedhan dwheelT手轮可卸_JIXFixedorifice固定孔板Drain泄
15、水阀Mechanicalmemory机械式记忆装置All in one STAD> STAD囊括所有功能Hydronic CollegeSTAD平衡阀Handwheel withdigital indication(80 setting positions)数字手轮(80个开度位置)Spnng for mechanicalplay tighte ning弹簧压紧装置Draining kit can be in stalled during operation 使用中可安装泄水装置mHydronic College23STAF手动平衡阀1A-Hydronic College#STAF手动平
16、衡阀快速方便的连接测量头自平衡阀芯160, 240或者320位的数字式 手轮,机械式记忆设置位置1A-Hydronic College25TA-CBI仪表The advanced balancing instrument 先进的平衡仪器流量,压差以及温度测量快速设置计算机内置平衡法:TA平衡法可与计算机通讯,配合TA Select II软件 编辑平衡数据数据记录(流量,压差以及温度)最多记录24000个数据TA-CMI仪表The hydraulic multimeter 多功能水力测量仪表 Flow, Ap and temp. Measurement流量,压差以及温度测量 Viscosity
17、correction (Glycol)粘度修正(乙二醇)I Wireless communication无线通讯mHydronic College29平衡选型软件Hydronic College平衡选型软件$1O<9WK«<M< IV»« «*«m4*» JI IV ;-Trf IV v 、2、* 力*WI:<m* w Whq m It Calculation/Suggestion 计算Project/TA-CBI data 项目/TA-CBI数据27TA Select II弋 /弋项目险选样岂结果信息ChmS
18、如 “20MList of selected products 选择结果Info/technical documentation 技术规格书Hydronic College平衡选型软件TA Select II: Editing TA-CBI measured/logged dataTA Select II:编辑CBI测量/记录的数据mHydronic College#ChmS如 “2OM平衡选型软件1101:0011:3011:02CC11332:3)11:0?CC曰 U屁dM GGQQgmiMW IFMo氐M吃八.日£ LgglD必 二谥 L Hi) 0-5l9 WB ©
19、 Pre»ue 卫)0心妙Pwn:Sionino tinw-(Mas乞mm馆R1(rrqtwne:110319t<KtH.BpoEM呢VMV0!Dt between »如 g:3«4C.V«ft»c c»m»c:.Lowestuiiue3197e-7ilMCfi.5-CFS 3W(a琳 gmpM u*uot8dj4fr-7tlB-CmHydronic College#ChmS如 “2OM平衡选型软件mHydronic College#ChmS如 “2OM平衡选型软件mHydronic College29ChmS如 “2
20、OM诊断的要点Through balancing, many operational problems may be detected: 通过平衡,许多运作问题可能被发现$ Filters or valves clogged令过滤器或阀门阻塞$ Terminal units or exchangers wrongly mounted令终端单元和热交换器的错误安装舟 Pipe damaged or not connected as expected母管道损坏或安装错误舟 Shut-off valves partially shut母截止阀不能关紧$ Check valves or pumps i
21、nstalled back-to-front 母止回阀或泵安装方向错误/Balancing exposes these flaws while they can still be cheaply repaired.平衡诊断出了这些缺陷,而且它们能被轻易的改正Diagnostics is the 2nd main use of balancing valves.系统诊断是使用平衡阀的另一个主要原因为什么要平衡?Adjusting the design flows in all terminal units in design conditions (when all control valves
22、 are fully open), while creating minimum additional pressure drops.调整每个末端的流量至设计流量(当控制阀全开时),同时产生 最小的额外压差mHydronic College31mHydronic College#mHydronic College#2) Have a method.1) Open a fortune cookie.mHydronic College33mHydronic College#各式各样的平衡方案15 kPa 20 kPa 20 kPa 15 kPa 20 kPa=43 kPa6 kPa 2 kPa 5
23、 kPa 4 kPa 3 kPa=50 kPa10010010010044 kPa 37 kPa 32 kPa 33 IkPakPa100=65 kPamHydronic College35分割成单元mHydronic College#分割成单元kmHydronic College#分割成单元分割成单元mHydronic College#分割成单元f 3 OSKXChrMmHydronic College35系统平衡方法Proportional method 比例法I adapted from air system balancing methodologies采用空气系统平衡方法I not
24、optimal in pressure drops系统压降方面不是最佳Compensated method (Pr. Robert Petitjean)补偿法I designed for application with balancing valves专门为设有平衡阀的系统而设计 optimal in pressure drops系统压降最优TA Balance method (Pr. Robert Petitjean) TA平衡法I fully computerized: automatic determi nation of the in dex valve 全电脑计算;自动判断最不利环
25、路I optimal in pressure drops系统压降最优mHydronic College37平衡显示了最佳的设置点 Minimum pressure drops in the balancing valves(with the Compensated Method and TA-Balanee)、使通过平衡阀的压降最小(补偿法以及TA平衡法) All the pump head in excess islocated in the main valve所有过多的压头都位于主阀上严Re-open the main valve and adjust the pump speed 重新
26、开启主阀,调整泵速36Hydronic College实际案例Pfizer pharmaceutical production unit nearby Tours (France)图尔斯(法国)附近的辉瑞制药工厂| In stalled cooli ng capacity of 5.4 MW (3 chillers in cascade)总冷量5.4MW (3台冷冻机并联) Total design flow: 773 m /h总设计流量:773 m /hI Problem: production alarms!问题:生古线问题 80 TA balancing valves from STAD
27、 15/14 to STAF 200 80个TA平衡阀,从STAD 15/14 到 STAF 200I Audit of plant with TA Circuit based on a first measurement campaign 利用TA Circuit做系统评估 Presettings calculated with TA Circuit TA Circuit计算出结果后进行预设定 Viscosity corrections checked with TA Select II利用TA Select II进行粘度修正 Full balancing performed using T
28、A-Balanee on one TA-CBI利用一台TA-CBI仪器完成了系统平衡的调试Hydronic College实际节约能耗Hydronic College实际节约能耗BEFOREBalancing/Industrial plant5.4 MW cooling capacity889 m /h335 kPa pump headAFTERBalancing平衡后773 m /h (-13%)270 kPa pump head (-20%) Pumping power saving 电力 节约:39 kWSavings 节约:17200/year38Hydronic College实际案
29、例Berlaymont - Brussels 布鲁塞尔(Belgium 比利时)European Union Commission building欧盟总部242000 m ; 3000 people70 interpreter rooms for simultaneous translationmHydronic College70个同声翻译室39实际案例Berlaymont - Brussels 布鲁塞尔(Belgium 比利时)| 8.7 MW cooling capacity: 7.2MW centrifugal - glycolised water; 1.5 MW absorptio
30、n 8.7 MW制冷量:7.2MW离心机;1.5 MW漠化锂吸收式制冷I Ice storage capacity: 324 tons of ice/day.畜冰量:324吨/天I 7.8 MW heating capacity 7.8 MW供热量 8 floors with ±1200 cooling ceiling units per floor 8层楼,每层楼1200个左右末端 ±13000 TA balancing valves (STAD 10 to STAF 300)总共 13000个左右TA平衡阀(STAD 10 to STAF 300 ) 9730 TA t
31、erminal control valves + actuators 9730个TA末端控制阀以及执行器 Presettings calculated with TA Circuit TA Circuit计算出结果后进行预设定 | Full air and hydronic balancing achieved by The CommTech Group由CommTech集团进行全面的空气以及水力平衡I Hydronic balancing by 2 technicians with 2 TA-CBI 2位工程师用2台CBI完成了整个系统的水力平衡m40Hydronic College第二个水
32、力工况条件The differential pressure across the control valves must not vary too much.通过控制阀的压差不能有太大的变化1A-Hydronic CollegemHydronic College#对非线性特性进行补偿供冷/供热盘管Cooling/heating coil调节阀Control valve控制非常容易!Control is easy!Flow In %mHydronic College43在现实条件下控制阀阀权度经常远远不能满足要求APc。圖g丽shut 调节阀全矣时设计流量下调节阀全开时APa°Con
33、trol valve fxilly open and design flowP =The available Ap on a fully shut two-way control valve depends on the load conditions (i.e. on the opening of all other control valves). 两通阀全关时资用压差取决于负荷情况(即取决于所有其它调节阀的开启度The available Ap at one given location is: 某一点的资用压o min. at design conditions,最小值: 发生于设计
34、工况下0 max. for the min. total flow in the plant43u pump head.最大值:发生于系统流量最小情 况下=水泵扬程现实条件下,两通阀的尺寸选择过大以及根据系统要求流量变化而变化的压 差导致阀权度远达不到要 求在较低的系统要求下,只 有很少时流量和管道摩擦 力,导致作用于控制阀的 压差增大 一个很小的室温的变化可 观的增加输岀能量结果二振荡控制1A-Hydronic College两通调节阀阀权度Control valve authority should not be lower than 0.25控制阀阀权度不应低于0.25mHydronic
35、 College45两通调节阀阀权度mHydronic College#两通调节阀阀权度mHydronic College#压差的变化At 50 % of the heat output, the flow in the plant is only 20% of the design value and the pressure drops are reduced to 4%.All the available pump head applies itself on the 2-way control valves. 在50%热输出时,系统中流量只有设计流量的20%,压降降至设计压降的4%。
36、所有的水泵资用压头作用于两通调节阀上。Hydronic College压差的变化Hydronic College压差的变化50%power46芍Hno孑工AP%7W10FI4% pressuredropFlow qAP oc q1mHydronic College控制质量下降mHydronic College47控制质量下降1Modulating control becomes ON/OFF !调节型控制变成了开关型!疵量o%6UC domHydronic College#过低的阀权度使调节控制工作如开/关阀!变化的压差造成的过低的阀权度导致昂贵的两通阀的工作 状态象便宜的开/关阀门结果:温度
37、高低波动TemperatureTemperatureHydronic CollegeRealitySet point TimeIt 1 po etTimeryoheThHydronic College工作过程Hydronic College工作过程STADAP+Differential pressure adjustment 压差调节Flow measurement流量测量STAP50Hydronic College工作过程mHydronic College51工作过程1 zD STADAp STAPPl = pA-pB=Circuit Dp for design flow丄在丧计流量下环路压
38、降PBmHydronic College#STAP如何工作压力A通过与STAF的泻水口 (1 )STAP的岀水口 (2)相连 的毛细管传导压力B作用于阀芯隔膜(3)的另一侧当作用于阀芯隔膜(3)压差(AB)大于设定弹簧拉力时, 阀将逐渐关小只到到达新的平衡点Hydronic CollegeSTAP如何工作Hydronic CollegeSTAP如何工作Hydronic CollegemHydronic College53STAP安装在支路STAD, STAMSTAPmHydronic College#部分流量时典型阀权度-手动平衡Hydronic College部分流量时典型阀权度-手动平衡平
39、衡阀门设计流量(100%)50%设计流量30.129 =0.23izv Kra30| ,30 kPa | 130 kPa |131 kPakPa162 kPa I 132 kPa I132 kPam> Kra70 kPa |2kP& | 8 kPa |吴 30% 二 0.43|70kP8< i 133 kPaI 133 kPa |,十话g 30/54 = 0.554 kPa58 kPalkP* I 4| 62 kPa |b6kPa32 kPa| 4 kPa |p02kPa| 74 kPa |143 kPa8 kPa I14, kPa i54【1 XPa |134 kPa |
40、Hydronic College部分流量时典型阀权度-手动平衡Hydronic College部分流量时典型阀权度-手动平衡自动平衡(动态) 设计流量(100%)50%设计流量103 kPaJ20|W7 kPa J20<0: 3071 = 0.42| 75 kPa |79 XPo |_化 kPa |47 kPa |鹹-1-4 m,| 们9 kPa |30/139 = 0.22131T41 KTa4-!14«kPa |4 I§rgc*<«M 3 sv-3 orpef| 竹 5 kPa | 竹5XPa |55锻-61 «i65 Li2020<Q=30H15 = 0.26| 83 XPa | 87 lcP | 87 kPm |锻-33201149 kPa I| (42XP8pl50 kPa|ChmS如 “20M卩 50 kPa |0亦 50 = 0.20134| ,43 kPa44f=n| 用 RPa |,43 kPa