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1、学习必备欢迎下载初中英语七年级升八年级衔接辅导语法复习专题一名词一、 知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法，但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类：专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义，专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall, America 它们是不能随意变动的。 而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如 pen,worker 它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词， 如： family, class ，team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体；物质名词，
2、如：water, paper 它表示的是一种物质，原材料；而后一种是抽象名词，如 :work, time 它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。（一）名词的种类种类例词专有名词London, John, the Communist Party of China普通名词nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table集体名词class, family, army, police, team, people物质名词water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand抽象名词happine
3、ss, love, work, life, courage, honest（二）名词的功能功能例句主语My family is now in New York.表语His father is a scientist.宾语We love our great motherland.宾语补语He made London the base for his work.定语The girls are making paper flowesrs.状语The car cost him 1000 dollars.同位语Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.（三
4、）名词的用法及注意问题名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数， 即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。 因此，在使用中要注意；首先分析名词是可数名词还是不可数名词。若是可数名词，就要考虑用名词的单数还是复数。最后要考虑是否用冠词，是用定冠词还是用不定冠词。不可数名词不能用数字计算， 所以它通常只有单数形式。 它包含有专有名词、 物质名词、抽象名词等，如： English,air,water,cotton,work 等。可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词，所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。1、可数名词复数形式规则变化构成规律一般情况加s,如： penpens, doctor doctors,boy boys
5、,其读音规则是在清辅音后读s，在元音和浊辅音后读z。如 :map map ， boy boys.学习必备欢迎下载在以 s,sh,ch,x 结尾的名词后面加es，如： bus buses,class classes,其读音为 iz。以 ce,se,ze,(d)ge 结尾的名词加s，其读音为iz。以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词，要将y 变为i 再加es，读作 z，如： factory factories,country countries, family families. 但要注意的是以元音字母加y 结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如 :boy boys,day days。以 o 结尾的名词的复数形式一
6、般要加es，但如果o 前面是元音字母或外来词，缩写词以 o 结尾的则只加 s，如： tomatotomatoes,hero heroes;photophotos,radio radios,pianopianos巧学法园地巧记以 -o 结尾加 -es 的词A. “两人两菜” （hero,negro,potato,tomato ）B.一句话 Negroes and heroes like to eat potatoes and tomatoes.C.有生命的加 -es，无生命的加-s。以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词的复数形式要将 f 或 fe 变为 v 再加 es，如： knife knives,
7、leaf leaves, 但有些例外的词如 roof 的复数形式是 roofs。2、不规则名词的复数形式不规则名词复数形式没有规律可循，要单个记忆。如 :man men,woman women, 但是， German Germans foot feet,tooth teeth, mouse micechild children,巧学法园地巧记不规则名词单变复男女脚步牙鹅，孩子老鼠虱子婆。man-men;woman-women;foot-feet;tooth-teeth;goose-geese;child-children;mouse-mice;louse-lice3、单复同形的名词如， fis
8、h, sheep,deer,Chinese, Japanese等4、单数形式，复数意义的名词如， people,police ， family,class5、名词的格主格可作主语宾格可作宾语所有格可作定语；用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。名词所有格的变化形式有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 's 其复数形式是 s'，如其结尾不是 s 的复数形式仍加 's，如： a student's room, students' rooms, Children's Day. 在表示时间、距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用 's，如： a twent
9、y minutes' walk.无生命名词的所有格则必须用of 结构，如： the capital of our country, the colour of theflowers二、例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！C1. They got much _ from those new books.A. ideasB. photosC. newsD. storiesC2. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here.A. orange, orangeB. oranges, oranges学习必备欢迎下载C. oranges, orangeD. ora
10、nge, orangesA3. Every evening M r. King takes a _ tohis home .A. 25 minutes walkB. 25 minutelks waC. 25 minute walkD. 25 minutes walkB4. An old _ wants to see you.A. peopleB. personC. the peopleD. the personD5. Help yourself to _.A. chickens and applesB. chickens and appleC. chicken and appleD. chic
11、ken and applesC6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _.A. room s numberB. rooms numberC. room numbersD. rooms numbersC7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _.A. familyB. houseC. homeD. roomD8. _ mothers couldn t go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai .A. Mary
12、 and Peter sB. Mary and PeterC. Mary s and PeterD. Mary s and PetersB9. Li Lei has been to _ many times this month.A. her uncleB. her uncle s C. her unclesD. aunt sB10. He is a success as a leader but he hasn t _ in teaching.A. many experiencesB. much experienceC. an experienceD. a lot experienceD11
13、. A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago.A. youB. yourC. your sisterD. your sistersA 12. A group of _ are talking with two _.A. Frenchmen, GermansB. Germans ,FrenchmansC. Frenchmans , GermenD. Germen , FrenchmenB13.The team _having a meeting .A. isB. areC. amD. beC14.“ Would you like _?“”, please
14、.”A. drink, Three coffeesB. a cup of drink, CoffeesC. a drink, A coffeeD. a drink, Three cups of coffeesA15. The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men.A.earth and stone, millions of C. the earth and stone, million ofB. earths and stones, millionsD. the earths and s
15、tones, millions三、 练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！I ：写出下面单词的复数：II ：单句改错1.Please give me two letter papers.正 Please give me two pieces of letter paper.析 paper 作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、 考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：Each学习必备欢迎下载student should write a paper on what he has learnt.2.My glasses is broken.正 My glasses are broken.析英语中glasses眼镜
16、， shoes鞋， trousers裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses 而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.3.May I borrow two radioes?正 May I borrow two radios?析以 o 结尾的名词大都是用加es 来表示其复数形式，但如果o 前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加 s 就可以了。这样的词有zoo zoos,piano pianos.4.This is a Mary's dictionary.正 This is
17、 Mary's dictionary.析如名词前有指示代词this, that, these those, 及其他修饰词our,some, every, which, 或所有格时，则不要再加冠词。5.I want a few water.正 I want a little water.析不可数名词前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some 来修饰，但不可用 many,few 来修饰。6.Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.正 Thank you very much. Your family
18、 are very kind to me.析 集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数， 如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如 :My family is a big family. When I came in, Tom's family were watching TV.即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有：family class, team 等。7.Food in that restaurant is very good.正 The food in that restaurant is very good.析物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可以加s，即它没有复数形式。也
19、不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如：I don't like drinking coffee, but the coffeein that cup is really good.8.Can you give me the newspaper of today?正 Can you give me today's newspaper?析加 's 构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如：Mary's hair ，但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用's 来构成而不用 of 结构。如： a five minutes'
20、; walk.9.Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.正 Please make room for the lady in the school bus.析英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的，如： room 为可数名词时为“房间”，如： I live in Room 5. 而 room 为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为 “请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。 ”这样的词还有： glass 玻璃 glasses 眼镜 stone 石头 a stone 一块石头 time 时间 two times 两次 wood 木头 woods
21、树林10.There is a flowers garden behind my house.正 There is a flower garden behind my house.析名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外，还可以用来修饰另一个名词，这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式， 如：shoe factory (鞋厂 ),post office( 邮局 ),evening paper (晚报 ),night school (夜校 ),head master (校长 ),a law school (法律学院 )。但也有例外，如 :a goods train( 货车),sports meeting
22、 ( 运动会 )。11.My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.学习必备欢迎下载正 My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.析英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese ( 中国人 ), means (方法 )。所以应讲 one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese.如果讲 There are five fishes in the pool. 应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。12.Mary
23、expressed her thank to her boy friend.正 Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.析英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如：thanks, greens， 而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣服，而cloth 则是布，sand 沙子，而sands是沙滩。13.We have five German in this meeting.正 We have five Germans in this meeting.析 英国人 Englishman 的复数形式为 Englishmen ，而 Germ
24、an 则要加 s，因为它不是由国名与 man 的组合词。14.There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.正 There are three 6's and two 3's in my telephone number.析在小写字母与数字的复数形式表达法中要用's15.We have many woman teachers in our school.正 We have many women teachers in our school.half brother half brothers( 同父异母或同母异
25、父的兄弟)daughter in law daughtersin law,( 儿媳 )但要注意的是：man driver men drivers( 男司机 ) womandoctor women doctors( 女大夫)grown up grown ups( 成年人 ) 但是 boy student则变为boy students16.Physics are very difficult to learn.正 Physics is very difficult to learn.析虽以s 结尾但只能用作单数名词有：科学，学科名字：Physics. Mathematics politics游戏名
26、称： bowls 专有名称： Niagara Falls( 尼亚加拉瀑布)其他名词： news(消息，新闻 )17.Where is my shoe?正 Where are my shoes?析常常只用作复数形式的词有trousers, pants, shorts(短裤 )， socks(袜子 ),shoes, gloves(手套) 。但如果只找其中的一个则要指明，左手的手套在哪?)这时还是应用单数形式。如：Where's my left glove?( 我18.There is a new car. It is Jone's and Mary's.正 There is
27、 a new car. It is Jone and Mary's.析有生命名词的所有格，如果是单数名词则加's 如： Mary's car.如果是以s 结尾的复数名词则只在s 后面加 如： teachers' offices.如果是复数名词但不是以s 结尾，则只加 s，如：children's palace 组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加's 如： girlfriend girlfriend'ssomeone else someone else's a week or three a week or three's
28、如名词后有同位语时，则应加在同位语的词尾上，如： It is my girl friend, Mary's car. 要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词后面加's，如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加's，如：This is Mary and Jone's home. 即 Mary 与 Jone是一家人。 这是他们共同的家。而 Theseare Mary's and Jone's homes.则应译为这里是Mary 的家与 Jone19.The teacher with five students are comi
29、ng here.正 The teacher with five students is coming here.析要注意由with 引出的介词短语不是本句的主语，这与连词的家。and 有很大的区别，如：The teacher and five students are coming here. 这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是teacher 的修饰学习必备欢迎下载语。20.I like to study the English.正 I like to study English.析作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词， 而作为某一特指学科则要加冠词， 如：I like to study history. I
30、 like to study the history of America.III:单项选择A1. - Is he _?- No, he is _.A. English, Chinese B. an English, ChinaC. English boy, Chinese boy D. a English, a China A2 . I m Lucy Brown. Lucy is my _ name. So you can call（称呼） me Lucy or Miss Brown.A. firstB. middleC. lastD. familyD3. Do you know( 知道 )
31、 the answer to the _? Sorry, I don t know.A. telephoneB. numberC. familyD. questionD4. Is that your _ ?A. a pictureB. photosC. photoesD. pictureC5. Are _ Lucy s _?A. this, pencilsB. that ， pencilC. these， pencilsD. those， pencilD6. Your _ son is your brother.A. parentsB. parent sC. parents sD. paren
32、tsB7. They are in _ but in _.A. same grade; different classesB. the same grade; different classesC. same grades; different classD. the same grades; different classC8. Linda has 5 _.A. tennisB. soccers ballsC. soccer ballsD. soccer ballC9.There is a _ shop. It sells bananas, apples, pears and oranges
33、.A vegetableB foodC fruitD drinkA10.We need lots of _ every day A healthy foodB saladsC milksD vegetableD11. Some _ are on the tree(树 ).A. bananaB. strawberrrysC. appleD. orangesD12.September 10th is _.A. Women's DayB. Children's DayC. Mid-autumn DayD. Teachers' DayD13Here _.A is some in
34、formations B are some in formationsC are some informationD is some informationB14._ like to go swimming _ summer.A Children, onB Children, inC A child, onD A child, inD15.Those are mypencils.A.brotherB.brothersC.brothers sD.brothersC16. He wants two _ salt and three _ eggs.A. bags; kilosB. bags of;
35、kilosC. bags of; kilos ofD. bags; kilos ofA17._ is ready.A All the foodB The all foodCAll his booksD His all booksC18.The _on the desk are for all the children A candyB candysC candiesD candy sD19.How much _ do you want?学习必备欢迎下载A. tomatoesB. bananasC. hamburgersD. chickenC20.My pen pal comes from.Sh
36、e speaks.A. America;AmericanB.Canada;ChinaC.Japan;JapaneseD.France;FranceC21. Lisa can speak _Chinese.A. manyB. lotC. a littleD. a fewA22. The two girls are _. They speak _.A. American, EnglishB. America, EnglishC. America, America D. Americans, AmericaA23.The _ looking for a tall dark man with long hair.A. police areB. polices areC. policemen isD. policeman areB24. What _ bowl of noodles would you like, small or large?A. kindB. sizeC. colourD. timeA25.Welcome to the _ restaurant! We have different _.A. noodle, noodlesB. noodles, noodleC. noodle, noodleD. noodles, noodles