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1、 高中英语语法及练习（一） 定语从句(一)定义 在一个复合句中，如果一个名词或相当于一个名词的词被一个句子修饰，那么这个句子就是定语从句。构成 先行词+引导词 +句子引导词的分类1 关系代词及其用法：指人：who/ that(作主语或宾语)whom（做宾语） whose(表所有)指物：which/ that (作主语或宾语) whose(表所有)eg:(1).The man who/that is wearing a red hat is Mr Smith. (2). The book which/that is on the desk is mine. (3). The man whose
2、son is a soldier is standing under the tree. (4). The book whose cover is red is my sisters.1 / 38 (5). The man （whom/who/that） my father is talking to is Mr Smith. (6). The book (which/that) you are holding is mine.(二). 分类 限定性和非限定性定语从句 限定性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用;非限定定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用.在非限定定语从句中,先行词与从句之间往往有逗号隔开
3、.eg:1.He has two sons,who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.)2.He has two sons who work in the same company.(he has more than two sons perhaps.) 关系代词的作用: (1).连接作用:关系代词引导从句,把主句和从句连接起来. (2).替代作用:关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词. (3).成分作用:关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分. 关系代词的用法与分类的三个依据: (1).根据所引导的从句的限定性和非限定性. (2).根据所替
4、代的先行词是指人还是指物. (3).根据它在从句的所充当的成分-主语、宾语、表语、或定语。关系代词that和which的用法： 限定性定语从句只能用that的情况： 1.当先行词是不定代词all， much, little ,something, anything , everything ， nothing， none ， the one时：eg:(1). Do you have anything else that you want to say for yourself?你还有要为自己说的话了吗？(2).You should hand in all that you have.你应该上缴
5、你所有的东西。 2.当先行词前有the only the very (恰好) any， few ， little， no ， all等词修饰时。eg:(1).This is the very bus that I am waiting for.(2).The only thing that we can give you is some money.3.当先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时eg:(1).This is the most interesting film that I have seen.4.当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。eg:(1).The train is the la
6、st that will go to Suzhou.5.当先行词即有人又有物时。Eg:(1).Do you know the persons and things that they are talking about?6.当主句的疑问词是who 或 which时。Eg:(1).Which is the bike that you lost?(2).Who is the boy that won the gold medal?7.有两个定语从句时，其中一个宜用which,另一个宜用that.eg:(1).They secretly built up a small factory ,which
7、 produced things that could cause pollution.8.先行词在句子中作表语,而关系代词在句子中也作表语时.eg:(1).Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.当先行词是物/事时，只能用which的情况：1.在非限定定语从句中只能用which.eg: Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to others, which made the others envy him. 2.当动词短语的介词提前时，只能用which. eg: This is
8、 a house in which Lu Xun once lived. 有关练习：1.I refuse to accept the blame for something_was someone elses fault. A.who B.that C.as D.what2.He talked a lot about things and persons_he remembered in the school. A .which B.that C.whom D.what3.The girl in plain clothes,_was wonderfully caml in face of da
9、nger ,was just sixteen years old. A.when B.which C.what D.who4.After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling,_ turned out to be a wise decision. A.that B.which C .when D.where5.This is one of the most interesting films_shown last week. A .which B.that was C.which were D.that w
10、ere答案BBDBD关系代词who whom whose 和that的用法：在从句中作主语时，用who/that ,不可省略；在从句中作宾语时，用whom/that/who,可以省略；在从句中作定语时用whose,不可省略。可指人也可指物，whose+n.=the+n.+of which或of which+the+n.（指物）；whose+n.=the+n.+of whom 或of whom+the +n.(指人)。eg:(1). She is the girl who/that lives next door. (2). That the girl whom/who/that I teach
11、. (3). This is the scientist whose achievement are well known (4). This is the house whose window broke last night.=This is the house ,the window of which broke last night=This is the house ,of which the window broke last night.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句： 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句指物时关系代词只能用which,指人时只能用whom.即介词+which/whom.
12、介词选择的几种情况：所属关系用of ;动词短语中固有的介词；根据语境临时选用的介词。eg:(1).I picked some apples,some of which were bad. (2).I have seen many foreingers,most of whom are from Europe (3).He has ten sons, half of whom are soldiers. (4).This is the girl from whom I learned the news. (5).He is the man on whom you can depend. (6).
13、The house has many small windows, through which light can go into it. 但是一些动词短语是固定的，其介词不能提前：look after; look for ;look forward to; take care of. eg: Is this the knife which you are looking for?(for 不能提前)。 注意：请辨别下列一组句子,注意下列句子的定义: I picked some apples.some of them ;some of them were bad. ,and/but some
14、of them ,some of which 有关练习:1. The clever boy made a hole in the wall,_he can see what was going on inside.A .which B.through whichC.that D.through that2.Children who are not active or _diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. A.what B.whose Cwhich D.that3.In the dark street there was nobody_he
15、 could turn for help.A.that B.whomC.in whom D.to whom4.She brought with her three friends,_I had ever met before. A.none of them; B.all of who C.none of whom D.all of these5.My friend Jennifer,_help I have made great progress in my studies,will leave for Canada next week. A.in whose B.in her C.with
16、whose D.with her6.The voice of China is a program_ the young are very familiar in China. A.in which B.to which C.by which D.with which7.Our country has a long history and lots of interesting customs,_we are very proud. A.of which B.with which C.in what D. for which在限制性定定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句末尾时，可用that/whic
17、h(指物）；that/whom/who(指人）。作介词宾语，而且可以省略。Eg:This is the hero that/who/whom we are proud of.(可省略)。 This is the pen that/which I wrote the letter with.(可以省略).答案:BBDCCBA复合介词短语+关系代词which引导的定语从句，这种定语从句常常与先行词用逗号分开，定义从句常用倒装句。eg:He lived in a big house ,in front of which stood a tall tree.关系代词as引导的定语从句：关系代词as即可
18、引导限定性定语从句，也可引导非限定性定语从句，as在句中作主语、宾语、或表语。 引导限定性定语从句常用于下列句式： 1. Such +名词+as 像一样，像.之类。 2. the same +名词+as和同样的.(1).We have found such materials as are used in their factory.(主语)(2).These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.（宾语）He is not the same man as he was. （表语）。 注意：suchas引导的定语从句和su
19、chthat引导的结果状语从句的区别： He is such a clever boy as everyone likes. He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him. as ,which 的区别： as 引导的非限定性定语从句，即可放在主句前，也可放在主句后，还可插入主句中。而which引导的非限定性定语从句只能置于主句后。相同的是两者都可替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句的某个词。eg: The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could except.
20、当非限定性定语从句放在主句前时,只能用as.主要有以下句式： as anybody can see正如人人能看到的那样；as is well-known=as is known to all众所周知；as we had excepted正如我们所预料的那样；as often happens正如经常发生的那样；as has been said before如上所述；as is mentioned above正如上面提到的。注意下列典型表达： As is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth once every month.
21、(as引导的是非限定性定语从句前置)。=The moon travels around the earth once every month,as/which is known to everybody.(as/which引导的非限定性定语从句后置)。 =It is known to everybody that the moon travels around the earth once every month.(it是形式主语，that引导的是主语从句)。=What is known to everybody is that the moon travels around the eart
22、h once every month.(whateverybody是主语从句；is后是表语从句)。有关练习:1.I have bought the same dress_she is wearing. A.as B.that C.which D.than2.Can you solve such problems_raised by the audience? Awhat were B.as were C.that were D.which were3.He must be from Africa,_can be Seen from his skin. A.that B.as C.it D.wh
23、at 4_is reported in the newspapers,talk between the two countries are making progress.A.It B.As C.That D.What5.The Beatle,_many of you are old enough to remember ,came from Liverpool. A.What B.that C.how D.as 答案：ABBBD2. 关系副词的用法当先行词在定语从句作状语时,要用关系副词.其中when=表示时间的介词（in；at; on ;during等）+which;where=表示地点的
24、介词（in;at ;on ;under等）+which;why=表示原因的介词（for）+which;how=表示方式的介词（in）which. eg:(1).I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=on which)(2).Can you tell me the office where he works?(where=in which)(3).Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which)介词+关系代词which=when/where,有时为了表达
25、清楚，还可以在where/when前加上from,to,during等：(1).China is the place of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan,Korea,Thailand and India.(2).We went up to the roof,from where we had a good view of the lake.(3).We stood near the window, from where we could see the whole garden.注意：当先行词是case,condition,situ
26、ation,position,point,stage 等名词，表示情况，方面，处境时，用关系副词where;表示时间，地点，原因的先行词在句中作主语、宾语时，应用that或which.eg:(1). There are some cases ,where this role doesnt hold good(适用)。(2). I will show you the point where you fail.(3). He had to face the condition where press was heavy.请注意下列句子中时间,地点,原因的不同作用:Do you still reme
27、mber the days that/which we spent in Qingdao?Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer in Qingdao?This is the reason that he gave us.This is the reason why he was late for meeting.Have you been to the place that your parents visited last summer?Have you been to the place where Luxun wa
28、s born?从上例可以看出表示时间、地点、原因的先行词的引导词需要根据该词在句子中的成分而定，如作状语就用when, where,why 引导。如作主语或宾语就有which/that引导。这是定语从句的难点之一。 He lived in London for three months ,during which time he learned some English. 有关练习:用that,when, why,where,which填空： I want to know the date _you were born. I have forgetten the date_you told m
29、e. Do you know the reason_he is absent today? That is the reason_I want to know This is the factory_his father works This is the factory_his father built. 1.I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends,_we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.A. which B.where C.who D.that 2.Between the two part
30、s of the concert is an interval,_the audience can buy ice-cream. A.when B.where C.that D.which3. Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator,_it will keep two or three weeks.A. when B.which C.where D.while4. Mozarts birthplace and the house_he composed The Magic Flute are both museums now
31、.A. where B.when C.then D.which5. It is helpful to put children in a situation_they can see themselves differently.A. that B.when C.which D.where答案：BACAD定语从句的其他要点：关系代词在句中作主语时不可省略。定语从句的谓语动词在人称、数方面，应该与先行词的单复书保持一致。The book which is on the desk is mine.The books which are on the desk are theirs.one of +
32、复数名词+关系代词+动词复数：eg: Moyan is one of Asian writers who win the Nobel Prize .the only one of +复数名词+关系代词+动词的单数：Moyan is the only one of Chinese writersWho wins the Nobel Prize.但not the only one of=one ofTom is not the only one of boys who have passed the exam定语从句的特例:I,who am your teacher ,will try my be
33、st to help you.To own a computer in families ,which we thougt was impossible twenty years ago,becomes true now.有关练习：用下列动词的适当形式填空：（1）.He is one of the drivers who_(have)passed the driving exam.（2）.He is the only one of the drivers who_(have)passed the driving exam. (3).He is not the only one of the d
34、rivers who_(have)passed the driving exam.(4).I ,who_(be)very busy now,cant help them at the moment.(5).The idea, which I think_(be)reasonable,was brought up by a child.注意way 和time后的定语从句的情况：当先行词是way（方式、方法）时，引导从句的关系词有下列三种形式：eg:What surprised me was not what he saidbut the way in which/that/不填he said i
35、t.The way that/which/不填 he explained to us was quite simple.The way that/in which/不填he explained the sentence to us was very simple.当先行词是time 时，作次数讲时用that;作一段时间或时代讲时用when或介词at/during+which.引导定语从句。eg:(1).This is the second time that he went back to his homeland.(2).I could not remember how many times
36、 that I have failed.(3).This was a time when/during which there were no radios,no TV sets, no computers.有关练习：用正确的关系代词和关系副词填空：(1).I dont like the way_you laught at her.(2).This is the second time_I have been here.(3).Can you still remember the time_we spent together in our childhood?(4).The first tim
37、e_he saw her ,he fell in love her. 注意下列相似结构:Is this museum the one that they visited yesterday?Is this the museum that/which they visited yesterday?Is this the museum where they stayed yesterday?It was the museum where/in which you saw many treasures.It was in the museum that you saw many treasures.It was in the museum which you droped in that you saw many treasures. -温馨提示：如不慎侵犯了您的权益，可联系文库删除处理，感谢您的关注！