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1、咨询心理学第二节心理咨询师( The second section psychologicalcounseling psychology )Second section psychological consultantUnit 1 general conditions required by consultantsI. knowledge and skills(1) basic knowledgePsychological consultation should have necessary theoretical knowledge. Psychological counseling inv
2、olves not only good wishes, enthusiasm, but also generalCommon sense to comfort, persuade, or urge those who are in trouble to fight for disease. Sometimes cheap comfortInstead, it causes confusion, resentment, and resistance.Psychological counseling and psychotherapy are scientific tasks and should
3、 be scientifically helpfulKnowledge helps those who seek help make them realize the real reason that bothers them and correct or abandon maladaptive behavior,Mature one's mind.According to the national professional standards, counselors must have general psychology, child psychology, social psyc
4、hology and heartThe basic principles of counseling, mental health and psychological disorders, knowledge, psychometrics, professional ethics and related lawsOn the knowledge, at the same time, but also after receiving formal training, master psychological tests, psychological diagnosis and psycholog
5、ical counseling related exercisesSkill. Only when theoretical knowledge and practical ability are combined effectively can we understand how the difficulties of those seeking help formWhere are the root causes of conflicts and conflicts, and secondly, it can be targeted to help the help seekers anal
6、yze problems and guide them for helpPeople get out of the predicament and promote the development of personality.(two) techniquesPsychological counselors help people skills, covering the following aspects:and1, in the initial stage, can form a preliminary impression understand the psychological prob
7、lems of the help seeking person,Conversation, product analysis, etc.For this purpose, observation should be observed,2., can immediately self balancing, after being infected by the bad feelings of the help, can in the shortest possible time, re - selfCalm your mind.3, in equal conversation, inspire
8、those who seek help for correct independent thinking.4., be flexible and change the consultation method at any time to overcome the resistance and cover up of the help seeking person.5., have the ability to grasp the conversation and the direction of the conversation, so as to achieve the purpose of
9、 understanding the inner world of the callerIn the shortest possible time, understand the situation or event that the help seeking person is confused about; the time of occurrence of the problem and its development, change, etc.;260. National vocational qualification training courseAble to ask quest
10、ions in a timely and intelligent manner, discover the unconscious mask and resistance of the help seeking person, and guide them to gradually understand the depth of their heartsAt the same time, design some corresponding methods to correct someb ad behavior, and give somee xplanations to the help p
11、erson in timeEtc.Two, the mode of thinking - dialectical materialism viewPsychological counseling is a science, in counseling, superstition, witchcraft in dealing with people's behavior, from the very beginningOn the basis of dictatorship and dogmatism, they do not have any rational reasoning an
12、d experimental basis. While in dialectical materialismScience under the guidance of a point of view is quite another matter. Science holds that everything in the universe follows the laws of natureThe laws of nature are not self-evident and must be carefully observed, thought and experimentally stud
13、ied to obtain the necessary information about these lawsMaterial and then generalize,To serve as a basis for judging such things.Psychological counseling follows the general scientific principles of dealing with human psychology and behavior. It is not arbitrarily rootedIt is assumed that any decisi
14、on shouldbe made, whether in itsdiagnostic section or in its advisory section, each decision must be based onFacts, laws, or, according to very strict scientific rules, can not be based solely on personal experience or on the blindness of patientsTrust the patient to guide the patient. For religion,
15、 although it can bring comfort and peace to people's spiritual life,The role of psychological balance, but it definitely can not be equated with scientific psychological counseling. To help others eliminate psychological problemsThe therapist must adhere to the dialectical materialism view at wo
16、rk. Adhere to the dialectical materialism view as scienceThe way of thinking is carried out in the psychological consultation, which is embodied in the following aspects:(I) views that are generally connectedDialectical materialism generally connects views, and requires us to grasp the essence of th
17、ings in all kinds of relations between things.This way of thinking, when applied to mental problems, requires the consultant to organize information, diagnose, and determine counselingWhen designing and implementing the consultation, one sidedness of the work must be prevented or overcome. When deal
18、ing with psychological problems, we should consider the psychology, physiology andThe interaction and interaction between social factors. This view requires psychological counseling in the consultation processWe should have a holistic concept and make a comprehensive investigation and systematic ana
19、lysis of the psychological problems of those who seek help. Wes hould pay attention to the elements of psychological activitiesIn addition, we should consider the mutual restriction and influence of psychology, physiology and social factors, and combine them with each otherConsulting methods to make
20、 the consultation work accurate and effective, to prevent or overcome the unilateralism in the consultation work.The idea of universal connection has multiple implications. One is the universal connection between mind and body. Psychology and physiology interact,Therefore, consultants should base th
21、eir understanding on psychological problems in the combination of the two. Psychological problems exist for a long timeFor a long time, it must affect the physiological process of human being. The so-called psychosomatic disease is such a problem. In addition, in the clinical, the help seeking perso
22、n often pays attention to the heartThe physical problem is expressed by somatic experience, which describes psychological distress and discomfort as somatic symptoms. There is another feelingSometimes, the physiological state influences the mental state, for example, somatic disease leads to psychol
23、ogical anxiety and depression,Or some physiological deficiencies (such as short stature, limb disability, etc.) cause inferiority, distress and so on. This requires consultationPeople are good at distinguishing, analyzing and treating dialectically, but not in isolation.The idea of universal contact
24、 also requires a comprehensive analysis of the stressors that arise from psychological problems. Psychological distress caused by help seekingThere are many factors that interfere with each other, and they are the result of the interaction of physiological, psychological and social factors. This req
25、uires the consultants to be able toLook at the essence through the phenomenon. In the relation between various stressors, analyze the problem. (of a universal connection)Refer to the seventh part of the emergency questionsAnother meaning of universal connection refers to the comprehensiveness of psy
26、chological activities. Human psychology and behavior, that is, knowledge, emotion and meaning, threeThe sixth chapter is counseling psychologyIn general,learning,They are related to each other, and they are systems. one aspect of the problem is that a subsystem changes,How many or sooner or later sh
27、ould the two parties change accordingly?. The problem of the caller seems to be unitary, but it is notYes, for example, emotional disorders often involve work, family, interpersonal and other aspects of personal knowledge and behaviorReflection model. Consultants should seize the main contradiction
28、and find the most appropriate breakthrough.The concept of universal association, in clinical practice, refers to the implementation of different consultation and treatment methods. In clinical practice,Consultants can not be stubborn to some of their preferred theory and methods, time requires us to
29、 pursue the goal is effect, and notIs to prove their own or other people's theoretical views, ifin clinical to confirm the theory and method as the core, that is to use help"Experiment", which is not allowed by professional ethics.Moreover, it has been proved that various theories and
30、methods existThey are the ones who hold the truth. Therefore, the effectiveness of the various methods are also different. Only bring them togetherTogether, it is a more comprehensive and better way. Of course, the comprehensive use of various methods, must be from the actual situation of the caller
31、Hair. All clinical work is done to relieve the mental problem of the help seeking person.(two) we should have the concept of "degree""Degree" is the limit, do not exceed the limit to do any work, the result must be good, beyond the limit or reach the limitDegree, the result of wo
32、rk is certainly not good, so consultants must be on their own work "degree" to seriously grasp.1, consultants must be aware of the degree to which they are responsible"Consultants must understand what they should do, what should not be done, and their responsibilities are limited. For
33、 example, the callerIt may be clear that consultants should take full responsibility for their psychological problems, which is clearly a misunderstanding. Because of the consultant's responsibility,Just to help the caller make decisions and remind them of the considerations of making decisions,
34、 consultants can never provide specific kinds of help seekersHelp, such as the poor relationship between the help and the leader, the consultant has no responsibility to adjust their relationship, and the government can not persuade himIf you are suffering from unemployment, the consultant can never
35、 find a job for him; the emotional situation after the lovelornDepression, consultants can not help him introduce heterosexual friends and so on. Not to limit the consultant's responsibility, the effect is certainly notYes, it can cause consultation failures in severe cases.2. limitation of cons
36、ultation timeIn the consultation plan, the number of times and the time spent in the consultation should be clearly defined. Overflow. Thepurpose of no time limit consultationConsultation is blind, inefficient work. As a professional activity, it is inadvisable.3., the limits of emotional communicat
37、ionAt present, there is a popular saying in the psychological consultation, that is, the Counselor's "Empathy" in the consultation". Not to mention thisWhether the words are appropriate in translation or not, a single word "love" is enough to make the consultant difficul
38、t to grasp.Consultants and help seekersCommunication must be between, but this communication is purely emotional communication, or rational communication, or two have both?If we do not have the scientific degree, the "Empathy" does have a bad aftereffect. In clinicalExcessive communication
39、 in relationships can lead to inappropriate content in counseling relationships, especially from the establishment of counselling relationships with the opposite sexAnd undermine the normal advisory relationship. Therefore, the backbone of the normal consultation relationship should be the theory, n
40、ot the situation. Love must be within the limits of reasonOnly in order to play an active role. Empathy, as long as you can put yourself in your shoes and understand the negative emotions and emotions of those who seek helpAll right 。 The rest of the consultation process is only reasonable.4. limita
41、tion of consulting objectivesPsychological counseling mainly involves psychological problems and psychological obstacles. For psychological problems and psychological disorders caused by various reasons,Such as physical illness, social environment and all kinds of rules and regulations, counselors s
42、hould not be discussed in depth. Have to attend toIn this case, we can only listen to the views of those who help us, without any comment. At best can only express understanding, such as262. National vocational qualification training courseThat's all. In this way, the target of consultation can
43、be strictly restricted to help those who seek help to solve their psychological problems.(three) history - logic - a realistic point of viewHistory, a logical and realistic view, is one of the ways of scientific thinking. Because it is to follow the objective development of the law of thinkingDimens
44、ion mode. There are two ways of thinking in consulting work: 1. When the counselor faces the psychological problem of the help seeking person,Will take into account its historical basis, the development process, development direction and objective logic. 2. after consultation or intervention, orIn t
45、he intervention process, the consultant should consider the psychological problems will change, taking into account the direction of change and its final outcome. For thisThe prediction is based on objective logic. The performance of the above two thinking questions is in one wordAll the facts are r
46、easonable, and reasonable will become reality.(four) neutrality;Manners and manners vary greatly. The reason is that people have personality differences. These differences stem mainly fromDifferent value orientations. If we demand other people's values to be the same as ours, or think everyone e
47、lseThe value orientation must be consistent, which is obviously unreasonable. Because this is a subjective desire to replace reality. ConsultingIn the process, if you hold this view, you will use your own value orientation as a point of reference, or take a fixed valueAs a point of reference, it is
48、necessary to evaluate the individual characteristicsand opinions of those seeking help,thus losing the psychological consultationNeutrality of inquiry. Comment or even seek criticism with one's own value orientation or fixed value orientationIt is not practical. Because a person's psychologi
49、cal problems and psychological barriers to eliminate, the growth of individual psychologyOnly on the basis of his original mental state, he was inspired and improved in his discussions with consultantsAfter cognitive ability,The self-criticism of the original value orientation.In order to maintain a non judgmental attitude, the counselor should not express his opinion when talking to the help seeking personIt is a criticalcommenta nd can only