定语从句的详细讲解.doc

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1、定语从句的详细讲解一、定语从句的概念 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词 叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which， who（宾格 whom，所有格 whose）等，关系副词包括 where， when， why 等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语 从句的重要成分。三、定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系 ，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性 定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省 去，非

2、限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去， 意思仍完整。四、关系代词的用法1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语 时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle玛. 丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（ that 作主语） The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue我. 放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色 的。（ that 作宾语）2. which 用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。 例如：The building which

3、 stands near the train station is a supermarke位t. 于火车站附 近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）The film （which ） we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部 电影很好看。（作宾语）3. who， whom 用于指人， who 用作主语， whom 用作宾语。在口语中，有 时可用 who 代替 whom，也可省略。例如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面 帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主

4、语）Who is the teacher （ whom） Li Ming is talking to ？正在与李明谈话的老师 是谁？（作宾语）注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时， who ， that， which 可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用 “介词 +which/whom”结构。例如：This is the house in which we lived last year这. 是我们去年居住的房子。Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel请. 告诉我你从谁那 借的这本英文小说。（2）含有介词的固定

5、动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。 例如：This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的 后面。例如：The city that she lives in is very far away她. 居住的城市非常远。（4）关系词只能用 that 的情况：a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形 容词最高级时，只能用 that，而不用 which.例如：He was the first person that passed

6、 the exam他. 是第一个通过考试的人。b. 被修饰的先行词为 all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用 that，而不用 which.例如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要 买吗？c. 先行词被 the only， the very， the same， the last， little ， few 等词修 饰时，只能用 that，而不用 which.例如：This is the same bike t

7、hat I lost这. 就是我丢的那辆自行车。d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用 that，而不用 which. 例如：I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the roo我m.能 清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。e. 以 who 或 which 引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用 that.例如：Who is the girl that is crying？正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？f. 主句是 there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用 that，而不用 which. 例如： The

8、re is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom桌. 子上那本书是汤姆的。（5）关系词只能用 which ，而不用 that 的情况：a. 先行词为 that， those 时，用 which，而不用 that.例如： What' s that which is under the de？sk在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？b. 关系代词前有介词时，一般用 which，而不用 that.例如： This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。c. 引导非限制性定语从句，用 which，而不用 that.例如：

9、 Tom came back， which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。五、关系副词的用法（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如： This was the time when he arrived这. 是他到达的时间。（2）where 指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如： This is the place where he works这. 是他工作的地点。（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school

10、.没 人知道他为什么上 学总迟到。六限制性和非限制性定语从句 定语从句有限制性和非限制性定语从句两种。一般地说，限制性定语从句用 来限制先行词的意义，与先行词关系密切，是整个句子不可缺少的一部分，否则 会造成全句意义不明确。而非限制性定语从句带有补充说明的性质，与先行词之 间存在一种松散的修饰关系，去掉后一般不会影响句子的主要意义。概括起来， 两者有如下区别：1）形式不同：限制性定语从句常紧跟其先行词，中间不用逗号隔开；而非限制 性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号隔开。After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small t

11、own where he grew up as a child. （NMET 1996） 在巴黎生活了 50 年后，他回到了小时候生活过的那个小 镇。2）意义不同请比较下面两个句子：My brother who is 18 years old is a college student.我 18 岁的那个弟弟是大学生。 My brother, who is 18 years old, is a college student我. 弟弟是大学生 ,今年 18 岁。 第一句中，限制性定语从句限制了先行词的意义，明确是 18 岁的那个弟弟(而 不是其他的，即有可能还有几个弟弟) 。第二句使用了非限制性

12、定语从句，表明 可能只有一个弟弟， 18 岁，起补充说明作用。另外，如果先行词是专有名词或独一无二的人或物，通常用非限制性定语从句。His mother, who loved him very much, died in 1818. 最爱他的母亲于 1818 年去世 了。I like to chat with Jack, who is a clever boy. 我喜欢和杰克聊天，他是个聪明人。 When he was 17, he went to a technical school in Zurich, Switzerland, where he studi ed maths and ph

13、ysics. 17岁那年，他到瑞士的苏黎士一家技校上学，在那儿他学 习了数学和物理。3) 先行词不同：限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词或代词，而非限制性定语 从句的先行词除名词或代词外，还可以是整个主句(此时，常用 which 或 as 引 导从句)。All that is needed is a supply of oil. (MET1989) 所需要的只是一些油而已。Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubted very muc h. (NMET 1999) 凯罗尔说工作可在 10月前完工，

14、这一点我个人深感怀疑。As has been announced, we shall have our final exams next week. (200上3海春 ) 我 们将于下周举行期末考试，这一点刚才已经宣布了。句中 as 是关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，指代后面整个主句的内容。4) 引导词不同：限制性定语从句的引导词可用关系代词that, which, who( whom, whose), as和关系副词 when, where, why；除 that 和 why 外，其它的关系代词、关系副词均可引导非限制性定语从句。He is the only one of the stude

15、nts who / that has been a winner of scholarship for three years. (NMET 2000春) 他在这些学生中是唯一连续 3年获得奖学金的一个。She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. (MET 1991她) 听 到一个可怕的声音，差点儿把胆都给吓破了。(句中 which 不可用 that 代替) The famous basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot

16、 of attention.（2002 春季） 那个篮球明星试图复出江湖，吸引了众人的注意。（句中who 不可用 that 代替）5）引导词省略情况不同：众所周知，在限制性定语从句中，关系代词如果充当 从句的宾语可以省略；而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词是不能省略的。Is this the book （that / which） you are looking for? （NMET 1999） 这就是你要找的那 本书吗？（关系代词 that / which 充当从句的宾语，可以省略）The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadn

17、't expected实. 验的结果 非常好，这简直出乎我们的意料 。（ 关系代词 which 在从句中充当 expect 的宾语， 但因为引导的是非限制性定语从句，所以不能省略 ）6）译法不同：把句子翻译成汉语时，限制性定语从句中，通常先译从句后译先 行词；而非限制性定语从句中则往往相反。We are living in an age when many things are done on computer. （200北3 京春 ） 我们 生活在一个许多工作都由电脑来完成的时代。We will be shown around the city: school, museums an

18、d some other places, where oth er visitors seldom go. （2002北京 ） 我们将被带去参观全市各地：包括学校、博物馆 和其它场所，那些其它游客很少去的地方。引用 2010 高考定语从句集合定语从句 精讲精练一、定语从句考点：（五大考点，每年必考） （ 1）考点 1 ：定语从句的本质 （ 2）考点 2 ：用关系代词还是关系副词 （ 3）考点 3 ：关系代词和关系副词的特殊情况 （ 4）考点 4 ：在 “介词 +which/whom” 的结构中，介词的选择 （ 5）考点 5 ：非限制性定语从句 二、 -高考英语语法精讲（1）考点 1 ：定语从句

19、的本质：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句或形 容词从句；整个从句修饰这一名词 被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词a. God helps those（ 先行词 ） who help themselves （定语从句）b. I like the girl （先行词） who speaks English very well.c. You must do everything（ 先行词 ）that I do . （定语从句） 关系代词和关系副词的作用： 连接作用（连接主句和从句） ；替代作用（替代先行词）；成分作用（必须在定语 从句中充当成分）（ 2）考点 2 ：用关系代词还是关系副词 定语从句

20、解题技巧： （三步） I找出连接词II 找出主句 分析主句成分 确定从句类型III 立即将先行词直接带入从句 - 分析从句成分 - 分析先行词在从句中的成分 关系代词和关系副词关系词 先行词 充当成分关系代词 who 人 主、宾、表 whom 人 宾 which 物 主、宾、表 that 人和物 主、宾、表 as 物 主、宾 关系形容词 Whose= of whom/of which 人和物的 定语关系副词When=at/in/on/during which 时间 时间状语Where=at/in/to whcih 地点 地点状语 Why=for which 原因 原因状语 注意：1. 关系词所

21、做的成分关键是由从句中的动词来决定This is the place where we work.（vi）This is the place which we visited.（vt）2. 当先行词为时间名词（如 time, day, year , week, month, occasion ）用 关系副词 when, 但关系副词只能做状语，如果从句中缺主语或宾语则要用 that 。当先行词为地点名词 （如：place ,room, city, country, situation, case, scene ）时，用关系副词 where, 但此时只能做地点状语，如果定语从句缺主 语或宾语就要用

22、 that 。 （07 安徽卷：） -Do you have anything to say for yourselves?-Yes, this is the only one point _we must insist on.A. whichB. thatC. whereD. when答案:A （07 全国卷） Some pre-school children go to a day care center;they learn simple games and songs.A. thenB. thereC. while D. where答案:D （07 天津卷）Those successf

23、ul deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity sight matters more than hearing.A. whenB. whose C. whichD. where答案:D （05 广东卷） Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _ people were eaten by the tiger .A. in whichB. by whichC. which D. that答案

24、:A （05 江苏卷 ）The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.A. which; whereB. at which; whichC.at which; whereD.which; in which答案:C（ 3）考点 3 ：关系代词和关系副词的特殊情况1 指物时只用 that ，不用 which 的情况： （代高序修饰时）anything,等修饰。1) 当先 行词 为 all, much, little, few, none, someth

25、ing, everything, nothing 等不定代词时。 All that can be done has been done.所有能做的已经做了。 There must be something that happened to you. 你一定出了什么事。2) 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级或 the last, the only ,the very, That is the only way that leads to your success. 那是通向你成功的唯一之路We have to consider the first thing that starts our wor

26、k. 我们必须要考虑启动我们工作的第一件事。 This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show before.这是以前从未上演过的最有感染力的电视剧。3) . 在疑问词 who, what, which 开头的句子中。(避免歧义) Who is the girl that is talking with Mr.Brown.4) . 定语从句为 there be 句型，也可以省略。This is the fastest train (that) there is to Beijing .5) . 当先行词

27、既指人又指物时。We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited.6) . 当关系代词在定语从句中做表语。China is not the country(that)it was.Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.2. 只能用 which 不能用 that 的情况。1) . 引导非限定性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子。Bruce went towards the fire, which was still smoking.Tom came back lat

28、e, which made his parents very angry.2) . 在介词后面 :介词+which ( 先行词是物 ) The world in which we live is made of matter.注意: 若介词在从句中而没有直接在关系词后 ,可以用 which 或 that. 例如:The world that we live in is made of matter.3. 指人时只能用 who 不用 that 的情况 .1） 先行词为 one,ones 或 anyone.（ 避免歧义 ）2） 先行词为 those.（ 避免歧义 ）God helps those

29、who help themselves.（天助自主者 ）3）主句是 there be . Eg:There is a man who called himself Mr.Wu at thegate.4）在非限制性定语从句中注意 :4. “the same as”.S uch/so as”中的 as 可以指人或物 ,作从句的主 语、宾语、表语或介词的宾语。如： Such money as he earned was spent on spirits and tobacco.Is this the same mosquito as bit you just now?He was not half

30、such a coward as we took him for.相关考点：1 So/such that 状（语从句 ）She is so beautiful a girl that I love her so much.（状语从句 ）She is so beautiful a girl as I love so much .（定语从句）2.as 的考点总结： as 可以作为关系代词引导限定性定语从句、非限制性定语从 句。例如：限定性定语从句（常用于 such/so as 和 the same 。 as 等 句式中 ）Such points as you' ve mentioned a

31、re really important in solving theproblem.你提到的这些方面在解决这个问题上的确很重要。People such as you describe are rarely seen nowadays. 你描述的这种人现在很少见了。This computer has the same functions as that one has. 这台计算机有着和那台计算机一样的功能。非限制性定语从句（ as 可以作为关系代词引导非限制性定语从句时， as 指代整 个主句：也就是说，将整个主句看成一件事或是一个事实 ；并对其进行补充说明。 这种非限制性定语从句既可以放在主

32、句之前，也可以放在主句之后。）As I know, she hasn' t got married如. 我所知，她还未结婚。They won the first place in the game, as could be expected.可以预料，他们在比赛中得了第一。Professor Li is extremely popular among students, as is known to all of us . 如我们大家所知，李教授极受学生们的欢迎。5. 当其先行词是 reason 时，关系副词用 why（=for which ） 或 that 引导表示 原因的定语从句。

33、 （ 相关考点：名词从句）当主句主语是 reason 时，作主句表 语的成分不能有 because 或 because of 。其结构一般为 the reason why is that , the reason that is that ,He did not tell us the reason why he was late again.The reason why （that） he didn' t come is that he was ill.Didn ' t tell her the reason why he was so happy. 他没有告诉她为什么他那么

34、高兴的原因The reason why she was late is not so acceptable. 她迟到的原因不那么令人接受。They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before.他们向我们解释为什么他们以前误解了我们的原因。6 当 way 表示方式作先行词时，其关系副词不能用 how, 而要用 that 或 in which 在非正式英语中可以不用连接词。The way that he considered the problem was too unacceptable.I don '

35、t like the way you talked to your mother .（ 4）考点 4 ：在 “介词 +which/whom” 的结构中，介词的选择方法 1. 看定语从句中动词或形容词与介词的搭配1. He is the man _on_ whom I think you can depend.2. He referred me to some reference books _with_ which I am not very familiar .方法 2. 看从句中的动词或动词词组与先行词的搭配1. He made a hole in the wall, through wh

36、ich he could see what was going on outside the house.2. The librarian with whom I just shook hands works heart and soul.3. The comments on their product, of which this is one example, are very sharp.方法 3. 先行词与介词的习惯搭配当先行词表示 “领域、方面 ”时，如： aspect, respect, area, field 等，用 in which ；当先行词表示 “价格、利率、速度 ”时，如

37、 rate,price,speed 等,用 at which 当先行词表示 “程度 ”时，如 degree, extent 等，用 to which.当先行词表示 “根据、依据、基础 ”时，如 grounds,foundation,basis 等，用 on which.1.（06 湖南卷 ）We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us. we gave some bells and glasses.A. to whichB. to whom C.with whom D. wit

38、h which.答案：B2 （06 重庆卷） I saw a woman running towards me in the dark. BeforeI could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction she had come.A. of whichB. by whichC. in whichD. from which答案：D3.（07 重庆卷 ）Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree they can be contro

39、lled on purpose.A. with whichB. to which C. of whichD. for which答案：B方法 4. 名词/ 代词/ 数词+of+which/whom（整体中的部分或定语从句为最高级） 链接高考 :（05 湖南卷） I have many friends, some are businessmen.A. of themB.from which C. who of D. of whom答案:D （04 辽宁卷）The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes everyyear ,80% are s

40、old abroad.A. of whichB. which ofC. of them D. of that答案: A （07 北京卷）We shouldn 't spent our money testing so many people,most of are healthy.A. thatB. which C. what D. whom答案:D （04 广西卷） The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, the sailing time was 226days.A. of whichB. durin

41、g whichC. from whichD. for which答案:A （07 安徽卷）Last week, only two people came to look at the house, wanted to buy it.A. none of themB. both of themC. none of whomD. neither ofwhom 答案:D考点 5 ：非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句不能用 that 引导，一般用引导词 which/as/who, 非限制性定 语从句既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。 As 引导的非限 制性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可

42、以放在主句之后，但 which 或 who 引 导的非限制性定语从句不能放在主句句首。As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.lifeThe l arge area is covered with thick snow, which affects peoplegreatly.His speech, which bored us to death, was over at last.Her sister , who lived in another city, was coming to visit her.关于非限制性定语从句

43、，应该注意：1. 关于非限制性定语从句和单句的比较I am reading Harry Porter, which is an interesting book.He failed in the exam. That made his parents angry.Vs. He failed in the exam, which made his parents angry.He has two sons. Both of them are teachers.Vs. He has two sons, both of whom are teachers.2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句与 it。

44、The earth is round. It is known to all. 比较： The earth is round, which is known to all.As is known to all, the earth is round.比较： It is known to all that the earth is round.As 具有“正如 ”之意，搭配的动词一般是固定的，如as you know/assee/as we planned/as we expected/as isreported .3. as 引导的限制性定语从句与其他从句的比较。（ 状语从句 ）This is

45、 such an interesting book that we all like it. （定语从句） This is such an interesting book as we all like such + 名词 +as+ 从句 the same + 名词+as+ 从句（ as 在从句中作主语、宾语或者表语） （07 上海卷） His movie won several awards at the film festival,_ was beyond his wildest dream.A. whichB. that C. where D. it答案:A（06 天津卷） The Be

46、atles, many of you are old enoughremember , came from Liverpool.A. whatB. that C. how D. as答案:D （05 浙江卷） Jim passed the driving test, surprised everybodyA.whichB. thatC. thisD.ityoutoin the office.答案:D（ 04 江苏卷）is often the case, we have worked out theproduction plan.A.Which B. When C. What D.As 答案:D

47、（04 北京卷） is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress.A.It B. As C.That D.What 非限制性定语从句的五个 “不能 ”1 ）关系词不能用 that（2）关系词不能用 why ，只能用 for which3 ）有且只有 as 能放整个句首， which 不能（4）介“词 + 关系代词 其中的关系代词不能用 as. 介词 +which/whom（5 ）指人的关系代词作宾语时，只能用宾格 whom; 不能用 who 替换，也不 能省略考点 6 ：如何用好 whose 引导的定语从句05 天 津 卷 ） Last month, part of Southeast Asia wasstruckbyfloods,fromeffects the people are still suffering.A. thatB. whoseC. thoseD. whatWhose 引导的定语从句，其先行词不仅可以指人，还可以指物。答案：B（06 福建卷 ）Look out! Dont get