《词汇学论文赏析.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《词汇学论文赏析.doc（9页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、词汇学论文赏析In troductio nThe expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on wordformation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive areaffixati on, compo unding and conversion. Talk ing about word formati on patter nsmeans dealing with rules. But not all words whi
2、ch are produced by appl ying the ruleare acceptable. The acceptability is gained only whe n the word have gained aninstitutional currency in the Ianguage. Therefore rules only provide a con sta nt set ofmodels from which new word are created from day to day. Rules themselves are notfixed but un derg
3、o cha ngesto a certa in exte nt. For in sta nee, affixes and compo undingprocesses may become productive at one time or lose their productivity. By wordformatio n processes, we concen trate on productive or on productive rules.While applying the rules, we should keep in mind that there are always ex
4、cepti ons. In myopinion, the most important principle for all these rules of word formation iseconomyChapter 1 the function of English word formation1.1 W6rd formation is an effective way to enlarge our English vocabularyNowadays, more and more people have take n no tice of lear ning En glish.The nu
5、 mber of the people who begi n to lear n En glish has in creased at a high speed. Howcan we improve our English effectively is undoubtedly the focus of ouratte nti on.Gen erally speak ing, vocabulary and grammatical rules are keys to learning En glish2well. Among the two aspects, vocabulary apparent
6、ly plays a more importa nt role.Vocabulary is the foun dati on of Ian guage. If a Ian guage lear ner does n? have eno ugh vocabulary to express his or her opinions and un dersta nd other people, eve n ifhis or her grammatical rules and pronun ciati ons are excelle nt, but he ca not com muni cate wit
7、h others well, he should n? be a good Ian guage lear ner.Un der the in flue nee of traditi onal teach ing mode, teachers ofte nemphasis more on grammatical rules and pronunciations than vocabulary. As a result, students spend a lot of time on remembering new words, but the results are not so efficie
8、nt. However ifwe have a kno wledge of En glish word formati on, the results will be not that bad.Word formatio n is really an effective way to enl arge our En glish vocabulary.1.2 Word formation can help us have a better comprehension of an article. Whe n we are readi ng a new article, we ofte n enc
9、oun ter with some new words thatwe have n ever see n before .In this case, most of us will leave out the new word and goon with the following sections. However, this is not a good habit. If we want toimprove our English, we have to take every new word seriously either look them up inthe dicti onary
10、or search for the intern et. But don? you thi nk that these methods arein efficie nt? If we know someth ing about En glish word formatio n, maybethe articlewould not be so difficult for us to un dersta nd. In this way, we can guess the meaningof the new word accord ing to what we have lear ned about
11、 En glish word formati on .Ithas bee n proved that our guess is correct in most cases. So we say word formati on canhelp us have a better comprehe nsion of a new article.1.3 Many new words can be derived based on the rules of word formationRece nt years, the use of computers as a medium of com muni
12、cati on has give n birthto a new Ian guagephe nomenon-cybeta nguage.A large amount of cyberIan guagehas sprung up. Not all the new vocabulary can be recog ni zed by huma n society. Somenew words only emerged in a very short time and then disappeared, however, thereare still a lot of words are shared
13、 by many people. Fin ally, these words are recog ni zedby the whole huma n society. Some are eve n added to the reversed dicti onary.Can wesay that these words are un reas on able and irrati on al?The an swer is absolutelyMost of the new words that have bee n recog ni zed are derived based oncerta i
14、nrules of word formatio n. For example, the sentence“ 3QUis widely used in thechatt ing room on the internet by foreig ners. This is also known as one importa ntcharacteristics of English word-productivity. So it is necessaryfor us tolearn En glishword formatio n.Chapter 2 AffixationAffixatio n is g
15、en erally defi ned as the formati on of words by addi ng word-formi ngor derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words derived from old or base forms. The words that are created in this way arecalled derivatives. Accord ing to the positi on affixes occup
16、y in words, affixatio n falls in to three subcategories: pre-fixati on, in-fixati on and Pre-fixati on is formatio n of new words by addi ng prefixes to bases, which do not gen erally cha nge the word-class of the base. That is to say, prefixes do not change the part of speech of a word. Their chief
17、 function is to modify its meaning, although There are exceptions. In my opinion, prefixes can be divided in to: n egative prefixes, pejorative prefixes, prefixes of degree or size, prefixes of time and order, and so on. Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. Their pr
18、imary function is to change the grammatical function of the base, such as the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning, though there are a few excepti ons. Suffixes can be divided into noun suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes, and verb suffixes. I can give you an exam
19、ple. The word coun tless cha nge the part of form and show the n egative meaning of the stem .In fixes are not so com mon and they usually show a kind attitude of the speaker and will not cha nge the part of form and meaning of words.Chapter 3 Compo undingCompo unding is the formati on of new words
20、by joi ning two or more bases. Wordsformed in this way are called compo un ds. So a compo und is a lexical un itcon sist ingof more than one base and functioning both grammatically and sema ntically as asingle word(Quirk).Compounds can be written solid, hyphenated and ope n.Compounds have remarkable
21、 characteristics which are different fromnoun phrases. Itcomes dow n to three major on es:1) Phono logical features. In compo unds the word stress usually occurs on the firstcon stitue nt whereas in noun phrases the sec ond eleme nt is gen erally accented if thereis only one stress. In cases where t
22、here are two stresses, the compound has theprimary stress on the first element and the second stress, if any, on the second,whereas the opposite is true of free phrase.2) Sema ntic features. Compo unds differ from free phrasessema ntically.Everycompo und should express a sin gle idea just as one wor
23、d. The meaning of a free phrasecan not be inferred from the two components of itself. Nevertheless, a lof compo und are tran spare nt, that is to say, the meaning can be obta ined from theseparateeleme nts of compo un ds. But the two eleme nts are in separable and the cha ngeof the element would res
24、ult in the loss of the original identity.3) Grammatical features. Two elements of a compound each plays a separategrammatical role, which can be seen in the way the expressions are han dledmorphological. For example, compo und nouns ofte n show their plural forms bytaking in flecti onals at the end.
25、 Though there are exceptio ns, theiron e-word nesSide ntity is appare nt.Chapter 4 Conv ersi onIn En glish lear ning, stude nts will ofte n con fused with words which havetwo ormore part of form. Many of such conditions are causedby conversion.Conversion isthe formatio n of mew words by converting w
26、ords of one part of sthose of ano ther part of speech, without cha nges in morphological structures butin fun cti on.Words created in this way are new on ly in a grammatical sen se.Words produced byconv ersi on are primarily nouns, adjectives and verbs. The most productive, however,is the conversion
27、 that takes place betwee n nouns and verbs. It deserves nothing thatconversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the item invo Ived but withit the differe nt range of meaning is orig in ally carried.Chapter 5 Ble ndingBlending is a very productive process and many coin ages are result
28、ing fromblending have become well established. Moreover, they can sever as models for newformatio n. It is n ot the Comb in atio n of two words directly, but to combi ne parts oftwo words or a word plus a part of another word. This kind of word formatio n iscalled ble nding. This processes in clud i
29、ng:The first part of the first word +the last part the second word.The whole part of the first part +the last part the sec ond word.The first part of the first word +the first part the second word.The whole part of the second word + the first part of the first word.The overwhel ming majority of ble
30、nds are nouns; very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. Blends are mostly used in writing related to scie nee andtech no logy, and n ewspapersa nd magaz in es.Though many of them have alreadyachieved currency in English, they are still considered by the serious-min ded peopleto be sla ng an
31、d in formal. However, it is advisable not to use such words too ofte n,particularly in formal writi ng.Con clusi onLanguage develops with the development of society and vocabulary is sen sitive tothe changesof society. Some old words are abandoned and some new ones are created.Most of the new words
32、in En glish are created accord ing to certa in rules andcon formed to certa in methods. These rules and methods are closely related to En glishword formation. So it is essential, as well as important, for us to learn word formatio n,especially for the students of English major.:英语构词法主要有以下几种方式：派生法、转化
33、法、合成法。(1)派生法(derivation)2)合成 3)转化法(conversion 法(compounding /composition)CONMENTS Americaand EBitishEnglish are dialects of English whicha/ea recog ni sedstandard form and are equally acceptable in Academic Englisas long as the style and register used are appropriately formal.There are n osignifican
34、t ifferences i n he academic form of other varieties of English. The mot noticeable differenee in the academic con text in spelli ng. America n and British En glish will betwomsjcr varities of one Ianguage bacause dhe similarities of the basic wodstock,the basicgrammera nd the basic phon etsystem, a
35、nd becauseof rapid developme nt of moder n scie nee, tech no logymass media, and constant cultural and economic exchanges between these two nationsDifferencesof thiiype can be very confusing,even for people whosfirstla nguageE nglish.ThMacmilla nEn glishDictio naryprovidesoveSspecialusageotes that deal withtheseAmerican/British 'false friends