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1、现代汉语基础语法知识( Basic grammar knowledge in modernChinese )Basic grammar knowledge in modern ChineseI. overview of grammatical knowledge(I) parts of speechChinese words can be divided into 12 categories. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers and adverbs, pronouns are words, prepositions, conjun
2、ctions, Interjections and onomatopoeic words, auxiliary words are function words.Noun: the name of the people and things of words. Such as: cucumber, cabbage, tractor, computer".Special names are called special nouns, such as Yunnan,Shanghai, Li Bai, Bai Juyi".The name of an abstract thing
3、 is called an abstract noun, such as category, thought, quality, character, friendship, method". Directions are called "locative nouns", such as "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "front", "later", "middle", "E
4、ast", "West", "south", "North", "front", "back", "East", "south", "middle", and so on.Verb: the act, act, development, or change of a person or thing.Somev erbs mean general actions, such as: come, go, say, walk, ru
5、n, learn, take off, examine, understand, etc.Some verbs express psychological activities, such as "think, pay attention to, respect, understand, believe, admire and miss", etc. the front of such verbs can often be added "very, very, very."".Some verbs that can and are willin
6、g to the meaning, called "verbs", they are "able to, should, Ken, dare, (DEI), can and should be, should be willing to, can, may, must, these verbs are often used in front of general verbs, such as" to be able to do, can be considered, willing to learn, should say, may develop&qu
7、ot;.Somev erbs indicate the trend, called "directional verb", such as "come" and "go, up and down, in and out, up and down, up and down, over the past, and they are often used in general verbs that trend, such as" jump up, down, up, ran"."Yes" and "y
8、es" are also verbs, the same as verbs.Adjectives describe the shape, style, nature, etc of a thing, such as "many, little, tall, fat, stiff, extravagant, timid, ugly."".Numeral: numeral is the word that expresses the number of things. Such as "one or two, two or three, seven
9、, ten, 100, thousand, ten million, half" and "half"".Quantifier: a quantifier is a word that expresses a thing or an action unit. Chinese quantifiers are divided into nominal quantifiers and momentum words.Noun quantifiers represent the quantity of things, and can be divided into
10、 unit quantifiers and metric quantifiers.A unit of measure indicating things, such as "a", "Zhang", "Zhi", "Zhi", "Ben", "platform", "shelf", "car", "Star", "tree","head", "inter",
11、 "handle", "fan", etc.;Metric quantifiers measure things, such as inches, feet, feet, pounds, two, tons, liters, buckets, gallons, volts, ohms, cubic meters".The number of actions expressed by a verb, such as the "second", "lower", "back", and &
12、quot;field", used in front and back of verbs".Adverbs: adverbs are always used before verbs and adjectives, such as "very, very, very, very, very, very, very, very, very, very, very quickly, immediately, unexpectedly, once, unexpectedly, anew, constantly," etc. Adverbs are usuall
13、y used in front of verbs and adjectives. Such as "come, go immediately, very well, start again", only "very", "extreme" can be used in verbs, adjectives, such as complement, such as "happy, very fond of."".Preposition: a preposition is always combined wit
14、h other words to form a prepositional phrase, which is used as an attribute, an adverbial modifier and an complement. Such as "from", "towards", "towards", "for", "for", "for", "", "", "", "", "&
15、quot;,Conjunctions: conjunctions can link words, phrases, sentences, and even paragraphs. Such as "harmony" and "or", or "or" or ","Connectives can be regarded as conjunctions, such as "because" So, not only And, though But".Auxiliary words atta
16、ched to words, phrases, or sentences.Auxiliary words can be divided into three categories.A kind of structural auxiliary words, they are "," "," "," ",""," "," "," like ""One kind is dynamic auxiliary word, they are &quo
17、t;go", "go", "pass" and "pass""One is the modal particles, such as "ah," "," "," "," ah "," ah "," ah "," wow "," wow "," wow ", and" wow "?".Interjec
18、tion: that sigh, calling, answering a word called interjection. Such as: Hello, yo, hi, hum, oh, oh dear ".Interjection is always a separate sentence.Onomatopoeia: the word that simulates sounds. Such as "wow", "woof", "bang", "giggle", "Sha Sha Sha&
19、quot;, "Hula" ".(two) phrasesWords and words can form phrases according to certain rules. Phrases are grammatical units that are larger than words and smaller than sentences. There are many kinds of phrases inChinese, and the most basic ones are the following seven.Joint phrase: a phr
20、ase consisting of words of equal rank is called a combining phrase.Such as "Chinese cabbage and celery", "bananas, oranges and oranges" investigation, research, "to accept and hear" magnificent, "white and fat."".Slant phrase: a part of a straight phrase
21、is a central word.There is always a modifier in front of it.Such as the "big city, small villages, excellent results, the electronic computer" (this is a phrase in noun centered); "slow, hard work, careful analysis, particularly large, the best" (this is the verb and adjective as
22、 the center of the phrase).Complement phrase: This is the complement behind phrases such as "sit down, fall, get up, be placed here, bravely said".Verb object phrase: This is the phrase with the object at the back of the verb. Such as "buy food, write novels, watch TV, go relatives, r
23、un materials, repair cars, buy medicines."".Subject predicate phrase: the object in front of the speaker, the phrase formed after the speaker, is called "subject predicate phrase", as if a sentence, but there is no sentence tone, and therefore no sentence independence. Such as li
24、ghts, telephone, school opening, magnificent mountains and rivers, spring rain, rivers Pentium, the motherland strong and prosperous".Prepositional phrase: a prepositional phrase in which the other words (major nouns or noun phrases) are formed in the back. Such as: in China, to them, to Xinjia
25、ng, from this year, about him, towards everyone, towards Beijing, in this way, for the masses, than the interests of individuals".A word phrase: using "" in the last phrase, equivalent to a noun.Such as "teaching, driving, walking, advanced, hand flowers, the name of the head wit
26、h a bow".(three) sentence elementsThere are six constituents in a sentence: subject, predicate, object, complement, attribute, adverbial.Subject and predicate: subject is the object to be stated in a sentence, and predicate is used to indicate the subject.In general, the subject is in front and
27、 the predicate is behind.(1) "we are scattered. (part by horse)(2) tree is covered with yellow flowers, "is not outstanding. (Litchi Honey)(3) I can't forget "is his back. (back)(4) use of phonological knowledge to agriculturalproduction,and has developed into a science. (language
28、 of nature)(5) the magnificent colonnade, elegant colors, as well as many levels around the facade of the building, "composed of a stately drawing. (Grand Hall of the people)That the subject is "everyone" and "tree is covered with yellow flowers." "I can't forget&qu
29、ot; the use of phonological knowledge to study agricultural production "and" the magnificent colonnade, elegant colors, as well as many levels around the facade of the building, the one predicate is "scattered" not outstanding "is his" shadow "has developed into a
30、science" composed of a stately drawing".It is also possible to think of the central word as subject and predicate. Such as:(6) a crude bed of Dazhu "with a thick straw. ("Yilu pear")(7) "in fact this microfilm technology as early as nineteenthCentury, when he used the F
31、ranco Prussian war. (from Oracle to microfilm Library)It can be argued that the "bamboo bed" technique is the subject, and that "laying" and "using" are the predicates.Object and complement: the object is often the object of the action, and always at the back of the ver
32、b. Complement is the complement of a verb adjective. Such as:(1) there is a man on the bridge foot, but it is my mother. (Lu Xun "drama")(2) what I can't forget is his back. (back)(3) Shaw captain said: "advanced to bring backward.". (part by horse)(4) : Lenin thought that th
33、e proletariat in the capitalist countries to support the colonial and semi colonial people's struggle for liberation of the colonial and semi colonial proletarian should uphold the proletariat in the capitalist countries of the liberation struggle, the victory of the world revolution to. (in mem
34、ory of Bethune)Under the word, all the objects are wired. Another object iscalled "double object", for example:(5) people call it the Imperial Palace now. (the Imperial Palace Museum)(6) I gave her a book."It", "she" is the near object (indirect object), "the Imper
35、ial Palace", "a book" is the "distant object" (direct object).(7) it's funny to say, when I was a child, I once went back to the tree to pinch the crabapple flowers.I didn't want to calla bee stung. (Litchi Honey)(8) I'm wandering alone in the field. ("dig s
36、hepherd's purse")(9) the Conghua litchi trees like a green sea < >, the flowering season, full of wild bees buzzing, too busy to forget "sooner or later", sometimes even under the moonlight flower honey. (Litchi Honey)(10) I was really clever at that time. (back)(11) people
37、older than me tend to do that. I've met several times. ("from Baicao garden to Sanwei")All the complements in the brackets are complement verbs, adjectives and adjectives.Attributive and adverbial: attributive is the modifier of noun phrase, and adverbial is the modifier of verbal and
38、adjective words.(1) when I saw the back of him, my tears quickly ran down. (back)(2) I still miss the (long in the wild) of the shepherd's purse, like Miss (those with their own through thick old friends).("dig shepherd's purse")(3) see the golden lights of the national emblem (the
39、 top of the main entrance) far away. (Grand Hall of the people)(4) Li Siguang in this life has not had a such a happy and happy talk. (light of Geology)(5) they only recognize the money and ask them to be only "white"! And I this old man, is also not could take care of themselves? (Zhu Ziqing, back)(6) as we speak here, the two of us stand up and walk to the Beihai by the cobblestone path along the lawn. (Xiao Qian "date")The parentheses are attributive, and square brackets are adverbials.